Figure 4.

Infection induces H₂O₂ type oxidative stress and attenuation increases H₂O₂ output.A. Virulent (H-V) T. annulata-infected macrophages produce less H₂O₂ than attenuated (H-A) T. annulata-infected macrophages and the amount of H₂O₂ is reduced upon Bw720c-induced parasite death.B. Virulent Sahiwal/Holstein-Friesian (S-V) T. annulata-infected macrophages produce less H₂O₂ than attenuated (S-A) macrophages.C. The levels of NO are unchanged between virulent and attenuated T. annulata-infected macrophages of H and S origin, even though Sahiwal/Holstein-Friesian infected macrophages produce more NO.D. Bw720c does not incapacitate macrophage production of H₂O₂ when host cells are stressed by AT treatment.E. The anti-oxidant NAC reduces H₂O₂ output by H-V and H-A macrophages.F. Increasing H₂O₂ output by AT blockade of catalase reduces transwell migration by H-V and conversely, reducing H₂O₂ levels with NAC increases transwell migration of H-A macrophages. #, *Student’s t-test, highest P-value = 0.04 < 0.05.