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. 2013 Oct 16;11:107. doi: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-107

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Copyright © 2013 Dai et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Reduced smooth muscle differentiation and transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2) signaling in neural crest cell (NCC)-specific integrin-linked kinase (ILK) knockout (NKO) mutant outflow tract (OFT). (A-B’) Reduced expression of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) in NKO mutant aortic arch (aa) that is derived from NCCs (tdTomato+) (B,B’, arrow) at E12.5. Smooth muscle differentiation from non-neural crest (tdTomato-) appears to be normal (B,B’, arrowhead) (es esophagus, scg superior cervical ganglia, tr trachea). (C-D) Reduced TGFβ2 expression in E9.5 NKO mutant OFT (arrow) revealed by wholemount in situ hybridization. (E) Western blot using ILK^f/f;Cre⁺ mutant and control NCCs with antibodies to TGFβ2 and total Smad2 and phosphorylated Smad2. (E') quantitative assessment of western blot results (E) showing reduced TGFβ2 expression and Smad2 phosphorylation.