Table 1.
Ground reaction force and center of pressure variables (mean ± SD)
| Variables | Barefoot | Sandals | Flip-flops | Shoes | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stance time (s) |
0.70 ± 0.02 |
0.74 ± 0.02* |
0.73 ± 0.02* |
0.77 ± 0.03*#& |
50.6 |
0.0001 |
| Peak vertical loading GRF (BW) |
1.06 ± 0.04 |
1.11 ± 0.07 |
1.10 ± 0.02 |
1.08 ± 0.04 |
4.0 |
0.02 |
| Loading Rate (BW/s) |
7.96 ± 1.79 |
7.22 ± 1.54* |
7.52 ± 2.61 |
5.69 ± 0.41*#& |
7.6 |
0.01 |
| Peak vertical pushoff GRF (BW) |
1.11 ± 0.04 |
1.13 ± 0.06 |
1.11 ± 0.03 |
1.09 ± 0.05 |
1.1 |
0.33 |
| Peak braking GRF (BW) |
-0.21 ± 0.03 |
-0.22 ± 0.05 |
-0.22 ± 0.05 |
-0.20 ± 0.04 |
1.4 |
0.27 |
| Peak propulsive GRF (BW) |
0.22 ± 0.03 |
0.21 ± 0.03 |
0.22 ± 0.02 |
0.19 ± 0.02*#& |
8.3 |
0.0001 |
| ML COP displacement ROM (cm) |
5.5 ± 1.4 |
4.5 ± 1.1* |
4.7 ± 1.2* |
4.0 ± 1.0* |
6.92 |
0.009 |
| AP COP displacement ROM (cm) | 22.1 ± 1.3 | 26.8 ± 1.6* | 26.2 ± 2.1* | 26.8 ± 2.2* | 24.1 | 0.0001 |
* significantly different from barefoot, # significantly different from sandals, and & significantly different from flip-flops.
Loading rate: Peak vertical loading GRF/time (from contact); Peak braking (negative) GRF and peak propulsive (positive) GRF are anteroposterior GRFs; ML COP displacement ROM and AP COP displacement ROM: range of mediolateral and anteroposterior COP displacement during stance.