Table 2.
Ankle, knee and hip angles (mean ± SD)
| Variables | Barefoot | Sandals | Flip-flops | Shoes | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foot contact angle (°) |
19.2 ± 3.4 |
24.9 ± 3.6* |
25.5 ± 3.9* |
29.5 ± 4.5*#& |
27.6 |
< 0.001 |
| Ankle contact angle (°) |
-3.9 ± 3.9 |
-0.1 ± 4.5* |
0.4 ± 5.0* |
3.7 ± 3.8*# |
14.5 |
0.001 |
| Ankle plantarflexion ROM in early stance (°) |
8.0 ± 1.9 |
9.4 ± 1.7* |
8.7 ± 1.4 |
11.8 ± 2.9*#& |
17.3 |
0.001 |
| Peak ankle dorsiflexion in late stance (°) |
6.1 ± 4.1 |
4.6 ± 4.2* |
5.2 ± 4.0* |
11.3 ± 4.0*#& |
10.6 |
0.009 |
| Ankle eversion ROM (°) |
-4.9 ± 1.5 |
-5.1 ± 2.4 |
-5.4 ± 2.3 |
-6.5 ± 3.1 |
1.7 |
0.200 |
| Knee contact angle (°) |
-8.0 ± 3.9 |
-6.3 ± 3.9* |
-6.3 ± 3.7* |
-5.2 ± 3.4* |
7.8 |
0.001 |
| Knee flexion ROM in stance (°) |
39.9 ± 5.3 |
45.8 ± 4.8* |
44.1 ± 4.7*# |
46.7 ± 4.4*& |
34.6 |
<0.001 |
| Peak hip extension in stance (°) | -10.5 ± 4.7 | -11.8 ± 5.1 | -11.3 ± 4.5 | -12.5 ± 3.2 | 1.0 | 0.39 |
* significantly different from barefoot, # significantly different from sandals, and & significantly different from flip-flops. Foot contact angle is defined as the angle between the foot and ground at heel strike, and a smaller foot angle refers to a more parallel angle of the foot relative to ground; a negative angle refers to plantarflexion and eversion for ankle, flexion for knee, and extension for hip.