Table 1. Study characteristics of 33 samples included in meta-analysis*.
| Lead author, Date | Location | Target population | Recall window | Sampling strategy | MSMW (n) | % MSMW | Age | Race | HIV test basis | % HIV+, MSMW | % HIV+, MSMO | % HIV+, MSWE |
| Bacon, 2006 | San Francisco, CA | YMSM-IDU | D | 3 | 206 | 90.8 | Median age: 23 (16–29). | 80% white, 20% nonwhite. | 1 | 8.7 | 42.9 | – |
| Bowers, 2011 | Los Angeles, CA | Substance-using MSM | n/a | 3 | 310 | 43.5 | MSMW mean age :34.8 | Among MSMW: 51% white, 26% Black, 9% Hispanic, 14% other. | 0 | 18.5 | 39.2 | – |
| Cassels, 2010 | 7 cities | American Indian/Alaskan Native LGBT | D | 2, 3 | 32 | 19.3 | Median age: 45–67. | 100% American Indian/Alaskan Native | 0 | 23.1 | 37.8 | – |
| Catania, 2001 | SF, NY, LA, Chi. | MSM | D | 5 | 385 | 14.7 | Median age: 30–39. | 79% white, 4% AA, 10% Hispanic, 4% Asian, 3% Native American, <1% other. | 1** | 10.1 | 19 | 0 |
| Flores, 2009 | 13 cities | YMSM | A | 1 | 1494 | 14.5 | Mean age: 21.3 | 28% Black, 10% A/PI, 37% Latino, 22% White. | 0 | 0.6 | 1.6 | – |
| Fuller, 2005 | New York, NY | Substance-using MSM | A | 3 | 47 | 49.5 | Median age: 28 (18–40). | 44% Hispanic, 46% Black, 10% white/other. | 1 | 4.3 | 45.8 | – |
| German, 2011a | Baltimore, MD | MSM | B | 1 | 216 | 33.5 | Median age 34 (18–69). | 31% white, 62% African American, 6% other. | 1 | 31.5 | 40.8 | – |
| German, 2011b | Baltimore, MD | MSM | B | 1 | 109 | 24.3 | Median age 30 (18–72). | 23%% white, 71% African American, 5% other. | 1 | 30.3 | 39.8 | – |
| Gorbach, 2009 | Los Angeles, CA | Substance user or MSM | A | 2 | 461 | 51.7 | Mean age: 42.7. | 19.1% white, 52.8% Black, 22% Hispanic. | 1 | 11.9 | 64 | 4.3 |
| Kalichman, 1998 | Not provided | MSM | B | 3 | 146 | 23.6 | Mean age: 35.1 (18–70). | 82% white, 7% Hispanic, 6% African American, 5% other. | 0 | 3.6 | 19.5 | – |
| Kral, 2005 | San Francisco, CA | MSM-IDU | A | 3 | 157 | 44.0 | Median age>40. | 62% white, 19% African American, 4% Latino, 14% other. | 1 | 19.7 | 36.5 | – |
| Latkin, 2011 | Baltimore, MD | Black MSM | A | 3 | 79 | 33.8 | Mean age: 38. | 100% Black. | 1 | 30.4 | 52.3 | – |
| Lehner 1998 | NYC | Males in STD clinic | D | 4 | 147 | 73.9 | n/a | 41% African American, 54% Hispanic, 4% white. | 1 | 34.7 | 69.2 | 9.6 |
| Levin, 2009 | Seattle, WA | General (18–39 year-olds) | D | 5 | 43 | 59.7 | Mean age: 35 | 34% white, 45% African American, 17% Latino, 4% other (for MSMW). | 1 | 24.4 | 53.8 | 9.2 |
| Lewis, 1994 | San Francisco, CA | Sexually active IDU | D | 3 | 49 | 51.6 | Ages 18–39. | 6% Asian, 7% African American, 79% white, 4% Hispanic, 4% other. | 0 | 7 | 20.7 | 0 |
| McKirnan, 1995 | Chicago, IL | Young MSMW | C | 3 | 536 | * | Mean age: 25 18–30). | 52% Black, 48% white. | 0 | 6.9 | – | – |
| Molitor, 1998 | CA (state) | Sexually active non-IDU | D | 4 | 16,290 | 50.4 | Median age: 20–29. | 56.1% white; 24.6% Latino/a; 10.4% Black; 4.6% API; 50.8% male. | 1 | 5.0 | 6.7 | 0.5 |
| Myers, 1997 | Los Angeles, CA | Black males | B | 3 | 81 | 32.4 | Mean age: 34.5. | 100% Black. | 1 | 58 | 74.6 | 6.8 |
| Operario, 2011 | Oakland, CA | Black MSMW | C | 3 | 68 | * | Median age: 44.6 (21–65). | 100% Black. | 0 | 21.4 | – | – |
| Roffman, 1990 | Seattle, WA | MSM | B | 3 | 32 | 30.2 | Mean age = 38. | MSMW: 94% White, 6% Black; MSMO, 90% White, 10% Black/other. | 0 | 0.0 | 33.3 | – |
| Salazar, 2010 | Atlanta, GA | Male IDU | B | 2 | 38 | – | Mean age: 45 (22–71). | 95% African American, 3.6% white, 1.5% Hispanic. | 0 | 26.3 | – | 7.1 |
| Siegel, 2008 | NYC | MSMW | A | 3 | 46 | * | Mean age 39.6 (20–60). | 41% African American, 35% Hispanic, 22% white, 2% Asian. | 0 | 20.9 | – | – |
| Tieu, 2012 | NYC | Black MSM | A | 3 | 84 | 25.8 | Median age: 41. | 100% Black. | 1 | 50.0 | 66.9 | – |
| Torian, 1996 | NYC | MSM | Not provided | 4 | 79 | 21.6 | Median age: 25–29. | 32% white, 48% AA, 24% Hispanic, 3% other. | 1 | 32.9 | 34.5 | – |
| Torian, 2000 | NYC | Gh+ males in STD clinic | Not provided | 4 | 25 | 36.2 | n/a | n/a | 1 | 44 | 36.4 | 8 |
| Torian, 2002a | NYC | MSM in STD clinic | Not provided | 4 | 145 | 27.6 | n/a | 28% white, 43% African American, 19% Hispanic, 9% mixed/other. | 1 | 43.4 | 47.6 | – |
| Torian, 2002b | NYC | MSM in STD clinic | Not provided | 4 | 133 | 30.5 | n/a | 37% white, 30% African American, 24% Hispanic, 9% other/mixed. | 1 | 14.3 | 19.5 | – |
| Valleroy, 2000 | 7 cities | YMSM | D | 1 | 2117 | 61.4 | Range: 15–22. | 17% African American, 6% Asian, 30% Hispanic, 36% white, 11% mixed/other. | 1 | 7.9 | 6.2 | – |
| Washington, 2010 | Baltimore, MD | Black MSMW-IDU | Not provided | 3 | 105 | * | Mean age: 31.6. | 90% African American; 10% Latino/African American. | 0 | 65.1 | – | – |
| Wheeler, 2008 | NYC; Philadelphia | Black MSM | A | 2 | 226 | 27.5 | Median age: 40–49. | 100% Black. | 1 | 40.7 | 60.1 | – |
| Williams, 2009 | Chicago, IL | Substance user or MSM | A | 2 | 343 | 71.3 | Mean age: 44 (17–70). | 6% white, 80% Black, 13% Hispanic, 1% other. | 1 | 11.4 | 53.6 | 4.7 |
| Wood, 1993 | Seattle, WA | MSM in STD clinic | B | 4 | 494 | 9.0 | n/a | n/a | 1 | 12.3 | 24.1 | – |
| Zule, 2009 | Central North Carolina | Substance user or MSM | C | 2 | 175 | 64.3 | Median age >35. | 77% African American, 20% white. | 1 | 12 | 38.1 | 4.9 |
*
Table notes: Recall window refers to the recall window of bisexual behavior in each study (A = MSMW ≤6 months; B = MSMW ≤1 year; C = MSMW<3 years; D = MSMW ≥3 years). Sampling strategy refers to recruitment technique (1 = time/location sampling; 2 = respondent-driven sampling; 3 = convenience sampling; 4 = HIV/STI clinic sampling; 5 = population-based sampling). HIV test basis refers to the form of assessment of HIV status (0 = self-report; 1 = serologic).
*
Refers to studies that focused only on MSMW.
**
Catania et al inferred the validity of participants’ self-reports by conducting a representative sample of serologic testing.