Table 4. Performance of screening tools for undiagnosed tuberculosis* stratified by HIV status (N = 846).
| Screening tools: | Prevalence (N = 846)† | Sensitivity (N = 34) | Specificity (N = 812) | PPV | NPV | |||||
| HIV-N n = 633 | HIV-P n = 213 | HIV-N n = 19 | HIV-P n = 15 | HIV-N n = 614 | HIV-P n = 198 | HIV-N | HIV-P | HIV-N | HIV-P | |
| Cough >2 weeks | 7.6 | 12.7 | 21.0 | 26.7 | 92.8 | 88.4 | 8.3 | 14.8 | 97.4 | 94.1 |
| Any cough | 19.4 | 24.9 | 31.6 | 40.0 | 80.9 | 76.3 | 4.9 | 11.3 | 97.4 | 94.4 |
| Night sweats | 10.9 | 18.3 | 0.0 | 13.3 | 88.8 | 81.3 | 0.0 | 5.1 | 96.6 | 92.5 |
| Fever | 8.9 | 13.6 | 10.5 | 20.0 | 91.2 | 86.9 | 3.6 | 10.3 | 97.0 | 93.5 |
| Reported weight loss | 13.4 | 20.7 | 10.5 | 26.7 | 86.5 | 79.8 | 2.3 | 9.1 | 96.9 | 93.5 |
| Symptom combination‡ | 23.5 | 34.3 | 21.0 | 40.0 | 76.4 | 66.2 | 2.7 | 8.2 | 96.9 | 93.6 |
| WHO tool§ | 31.1 | 43.7 | 31.6 | 46.7 | 68.9 | 56.6 | 3.0 | 7.5 | 97.0 | 93.3 |
| CXR suggestive of TB | 9.3 | 13.1 | 79.0 | 60.0 | 92.8 | 90.4 | 25.4 | 32.1 | 99.3 | 96.8 |
| Any CXR abnormality | 15.3 | 20.2 | 79.0 | 66.7 | 86.6 | 83.3 | 15.5 | 23.3 | 99.3 | 97.1 |
| Combination of screening tools: | ||||||||||
| Cough >2 weeks or CXR suggestive of TB | 15.5 | 23.5 | 79.0 | 66.7 | 86.5 | 79.8 | 15.3 | 20.0 | 99.2 | 96.9 |
| Any cough or CXR suggestive of TB | 26.4 | 32.9 | 84.2 | 73.3 | 75.4 | 70.2 | 9.6 | 15.7 | 99.4 | 97.2 |
| Symptom combination‡ orCXR suggestive of TB | 30.2 | 41.3 | 79.0 | 66.7 | 71.3 | 60.6 | 7.9 | 11.4 | 99.1 | 96.0 |
| WHO tool§ or CXR suggestive of TB | 37.1 | 48.8 | 84.2 | 73.3 | 64.3 | 53.0 | 6.8 | 10.6 | 99.2 | 96.3 |
Data are percentages. * Undiagnosed tuberculosis defined as participants fulfilling the case definition of definite or probable tuberculosis. † Denominator = 846 unless otherwise indicated (10 participants on tuberculosis treatment at enrolment, 39 “possible” tuberculosis cases, 3 participants without sputum cultures at enrolment, 62 with missing chest radiographs at enrolment and 21 with missing urine HIV test results were excluded). ‡Any of cough ≥2weeks, night sweats or unintentional weight loss. §Any of current cough, fever, weight loss or night sweats (WHO symptom screen for people with HIV [25]). NPV = negative predictive value; PPV = positive predictive value; HIV-N = HIV-negative; HIV-P = HIV-positive; WHO = World Health Organization; CXR = Chest radiograph; TB = tuberculosis.