Figure 2.

Impact of constant and variable temperatures on insect life-history traits. (a, b) Fundamental thermal reaction norm for (a) daily development rate and (b) survival of Anopheles stephensi mosquito immatures measured at 11 constant temperatures. (c, d) Effects of fluctuation at different points on the fundamental curve: Estimated marginal mean (c) development rate and (d) survival at mean temperatures of 18, 26, or 32 °C, combined with daily temperature ranges (DTRs) of 0, 8, or 12 °C. (e, f) Effects of temperature variation on the temperature optimum: Estimated marginal mean (e) development rate and (f) survival at mean temperatures of 28, 30 or 32 °C, combined with DTRs of 0 or 12 °C. The vertical error bars in all panels represent the standard error of the mean.