Table 1. Patient characteristics.* .
| Types of AF | ||||||
| Permanent | ||||||
| Nonpermanent | All | Controlled AF | Uncontrolled AF | p-value | p-value | |
| N = 5622 | N = 4869 | n = 2262 | n = 2246 | (controlled AF vs. uncontrolled AF) | (nonpermanent vs. permanent) | |
| Age, years | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 65.2 (12.3) | 68.3 (11.8) | 69.8 (11.0) | 66.4 (12.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Age, % | ||||||
| ≥75 years | 23.9 | 32.8 | 37.1 | 27.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Gender/age, % | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Male <75 years | 45.4 | 38.7 | 37.1 | 40.3 | ||
| Male ≥75 years | 11.5 | 17.1 | 20.8 | 12.5 | ||
| Female <75 years | 30.7 | 28.5 | 25.8 | 32.2 | ||
| Female ≥75 years | 12.4 | 15.6 | 16.3 | 15.0 | ||
| Time since AF diagnosis (months) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 33.2 (55.4) | 76.5 (79.1) | 88.3 (85.8) | 66.2 (70.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Time since AF diagnosis, % | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| <3 months | 33.2 | 5.8 | 3.5 | 7.9 | ||
| 3–6 months | 8.6 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 4.2 | ||
| 6–12 months | 12.2 | 7.7 | 6.5 | 8.3 | ||
| >12 months | 46.0 | 82.8 | 87.6 | 79.5 | ||
| EHRA classification, % | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| I | 28.9 | 22.9 | 27.8 | 18.9 | ||
| II | 51.4 | 52.3 | 51.2 | 51.0 | ||
| III | 18.1 | 22.4 | 19.0 | 27.2 | ||
| IV | 1.6 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.9 | ||
| Family history of premature CV disease, % | 24.1 | 21.7 | 21.3 | 22.6 | 0.32 | 0.007 |
| Current smoker, % | 11.3 | 9.0 | 7.4 | 10.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Physically inactive, % | 57.7 | 65.1 | 63.4 | 67.3 | 0.006 | <0.001 |
| Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2), % | 33.0 | 32.4 | 30.8 | 36.3 | <0.001 | 0.53 |
| Hypertension, % | 72.8 | 71.6 | 71.5 | 71.2 | 0.78 | 0.17 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 19.4 | 23.5 | 22.8 | 23.8 | 0.43 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 48.0 | 44.4 | 44.9 | 44.2 | 0.67 | <0.001 |
| Number of risk factors,† % | 0.38 | 0.016 | ||||
| 0 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.3 | ||
| 1 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 7.1 | ||
| 2 | 13.8 | 12.8 | 13.5 | 11.9 | ||
| ≥3 | 77.1 | 79.2 | 78.9 | 79.7 | ||
| CHADS2 score, mean (SD) | 1.7 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.3) | 2.1 (1.3) | 0.030 | <0.001 |
| CHADS2 score, age <75 years,mean (SD) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.8 (1.2) | 0.78 | <0.001 |
| CHADS2 score distribution, % | 0.12 | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 15.5 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 9.5 | ||
| 1 | 31.5 | 23.7 | 23.0 | 25.0 | ||
| ≥2 | 53.0 | 67.3 | 68.4 | 65.5 | ||
| CHADS2 score distribution, age <75 years, % | 0.89 | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 20.3 | 13.4 | 13.6 | 13.0 | ||
| 1 | 38.4 | 31.5 | 31.7 | 31.7 | ||
| ≥2 | 41.3 | 55.1 | 54.7 | 55.3 | ||
| HR (bpm) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 81.8 (25.7) | 84.0 (19.7) | 69.3 (8.5) | 98.8 (16.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HR, % | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| <60 bpm | 15.7 | 5.5 | 10.9 | 0.0 | ||
| 60–80 bpm | 45.2 | 44.6 | 89.1 | 0.0 | ||
| 80–110 bpm | 23.7 | 39.0 | 0.0 | 78.3 | ||
| ≥110 bpm | 15.4 | 10.9 | 0.0 | 21.7 | ||
| QTc – Bazett’s (ms) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 439.8 (61.7) | 435.4 (58.7) | 418.1 (51.1) | 452.8 (61.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Patients with LVEF assessed within last 12 months, % | 80.9 | 75.3 | 74.7 | 77.8 | ||
| If assessed, LVEF in classes, % | 0.16 | <0.001 | ||||
| <35% | 5.3 | 8.2 | 7.4 | 9.0 | ||
| 35%–40% | 3.2 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.8 | ||
| ≥40% | 91.5 | 86.4 | 87.4 | 85.1 | ||
| Echocardiography performed within last 12 months, % | 80.5 | 75.4 | 74.9 | 77.2 | ||
| If performed, left atrial size (<50 mm), % | 79.6 | 54.5 | 50.3 | 59.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; BPM, beats per minute; CV, cardiovascular; EHRA, European Heart Rhythm Association; HR, heart rate; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NA, not available; SD, standard deviation.
CHADS2, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes, prior stroke or TIA (doubled); CHA2DS2-VASc, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years (doubled), diabetes, prior stroke or TIA (doubled), vascular disease, age 65–74 years and sex category (female).
Data are not complete for all patients: the reported percentage is for the number of patients with data available for each given variable.
CV risk factors used for this calculation included age >50 years for males/>65 years for females, family history of premature CV disease, family history of premature sudden death, current smoker, no physical activity, obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia.
Table S3 shows characteristics of permanent AF patients according to revised definition of control used in the RACE II study, i.e., lenient control (in sinus rhythm or in AF with HR <110 bpm) or no control (no sinus rhythm and in AF with HR ≥110 bpm).