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A comparison of the various reactions to gluten
| Celiac disease | Non-celiac gluten sensitivity | Wheat allergy | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Onset of symptoms | Weeks to years | Hours to days | Minutes to hours |
| Pathophysiology | Autoimmune | Immune-mediated | Allergic |
| Best initial testing | tTG serology | Diagnosis of exclusion | Skin prick test |
| Best confirmatory testing | Small intestine biopsy | None needed | Oral challenge |
Abbreviation: tTG, tissue transglutaminase.
