Table 5.
Association of single HEI component scores with postpartum weight retention and gestational weight gain (GWG)
| Score component | Higher score reflects |
Postpartum weight retention
1
|
Postpartum weight retention
1
, + adjustment for GWG |
GWG as intermediate outcome
2
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β 3 | SE | p value | β 3 | SE | p value | β 3 | SE | p value | ||
|
HEI-NFG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fresh fruits |
Higher intake |
0.0003 |
0.009 |
0.969 |
0.003 |
0.008 |
0.718 |
-0.007 |
0.011 |
0.486 |
| Vegetables |
Higher intake |
0.004 |
0.011 |
0.711 |
-0.001 |
0.009 |
0.913 |
0.010 |
0.013 |
0.418 |
| Whole-grain |
Higher intake |
-0.006 |
0.006 |
0.340 |
-0.001 |
0.005 |
0.796 |
-0.011 |
0.008 |
0.147 |
| Fish |
Higher adherence to recommendations4 |
-0.067 |
0.020 |
0.001 |
-0.051 |
0.017 |
0.003 |
-0.039 |
0.024 |
0.109 |
| Fatty fish |
Higher adherence to recommendations4 |
-0.002 |
0.018 |
0.913 |
0.019 |
0.015 |
0.209 |
-0.049 |
0.022 |
0.024 |
| Red meat |
Lower intake |
-0.029 |
0.018 |
0.104 |
-0.013 |
0.015 |
0.402 |
-0.039 |
0.022 |
0.074 |
| Sodium |
Lower intake |
-0.025 |
0.030 |
0.409 |
0.044 |
0.026 |
0.091 |
-0.160 |
0.037 |
< 0.0001 |
| Added sugar |
Lower intake |
0.022 |
0.016 |
0.172 |
-0.018 |
0.014 |
0.207 |
0.091 |
0.020 |
< 0.0001 |
|
HEI-NNR
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total fat |
Higher adherence to recommendations4 |
-0.015 |
0.110 |
0.890 |
-0.196 |
0.094 |
0.038 |
0.410 |
0.134 |
0.002 |
| SFA + TFA |
Lower intake |
-0.111 |
0.053 |
0.034 |
0.019 |
0.045 |
0.670 |
-0.303 |
0.064 |
< 0.0001 |
| MUFA |
Higher adherence to recommendations4 |
0.056 |
0.069 |
0.417 |
0.138 |
0.059 |
0.020 |
-0.197 |
0.084 |
0.019 |
| PUFA |
Higher adherence to recommendations4 |
0.017 |
0.063 |
0.788 |
-0.066 |
0.053 |
0.218 |
0.201 |
0.076 |
0.008 |
| Fibre |
Higher intake |
-0.009 |
0.025 |
0.708 |
-0.037 |
0.021 |
0.083 |
0.058 |
0.030 |
0.053 |
| Added sugar |
Lower intake |
0.020 |
0.015 |
0.170 |
-0.025 |
0.013 |
0.044 |
0.104 |
0.018 |
< 0.0001 |
| Total protein | Higher adherence to recommendations4 | -0.112 | 0.202 | 0.578 | -0.045 | 0.172 | 0.794 | -0.168 | 0.244 | 0.491 |
Abbreviations: HEI Healthy Eating Index, MUFA Monounsaturated Fat, NFG Norwegian Food Guidelines, NNR Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, PUFA Polyunsaturated Fat, SE Standard Error, SFA + TFA Saturated and Trans Fat.
1Score components were mutually adjusted within a linear regression model, that was further adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, household income, marital status, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, weight of the child at birth, breastfeeding duration up to 6 months postpartum, total energy intake, exercise during pregnancy (week 15), smoking during pregnancy, alcohol intake during pregnancy (week 22).
2Analogous model but without adjustment for breastfeeding duration.
3β-coefficient denotes change in weight retention at 6 months postpartum (in kg) per 1-point-increment of each HEI component score.
4Too low as well as too high intake results in a deduction of points.