Table 2.
The adjusted (least-square) mean changes of the food outlets across local contextual factors in the U.S. from 2000 to 2001
| |
|
ΔSupermarkets |
|
ΔSmall grocery stores |
|
ΔConvenience stores |
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Expected change a | 95% CI | Expected change a | 95% CI | Expected change a | 95% CI | ||||||||
|
Race composition | |||||||||||||
| |
White-predominant |
- 0.010 |
(- 0.016 , |
- 0.004) |
|
+0.001 |
(- 0.012 , |
+0.014) |
H |
+0.070 |
(+0.054 , |
+0.087) |
H |
| |
Black-predominant |
- 0.012 |
(- 0.033 , |
+0.008) |
|
+0.019 |
(- 0.028 , |
+0.067) |
H |
+0.026 |
(- 0.034 , |
+0.086) |
H |
| |
Hispanic-predominant |
- 0.026 |
(- 0.051 , |
- 0.001) |
|
+0.160 |
(+0.102 , |
+0.218) |
W,B,M |
- 0.160 |
(- 0.234 , |
- 0.086) |
W,B,M |
| |
Mixed |
+0.004 |
(- 0.017 , |
+0.024) |
|
- 0.020 |
(- 0.067 , |
+0.026) |
H |
- 0.004 |
(- 0.064 , |
+0.055) |
H |
|
Urbanization level | |||||||||||||
| |
Rural |
- 0.010 |
(- 0.022 , |
+0.002) |
|
+0.048 |
(+0.020 , |
+0.075) |
|
- 0.044 |
(- 0.078 , |
- 0.009) |
|
| |
Suburban |
- 0.016 |
(- 0.031 , |
+0.000) |
|
+0.027 |
(- 0.009 , |
+0.063) |
|
+0.009 |
(- 0.037 , |
+0.055) |
|
| |
Urban |
- 0.008 |
(- 0.021 , |
+0.005) |
|
+0.046 |
(+0.016 , |
+0.076) |
|
- 0.016 |
(- 0.054 , |
+0.022) |
|
|
Foreign born population% tertiles | |||||||||||||
| |
1 (Bottom tertile) |
- 0.008 |
(- 0.021 , |
+0.005) |
|
+0.037 |
(+0.006 , |
+0.067) |
|
- 0.037 |
(- 0.075 , |
+0.002) |
|
| |
2 (Middle tertile) |
- 0.014 |
(- 0.026 , |
- 0.001) |
|
+0.040 |
(+0.012 , |
+0.069) |
|
- 0.014 |
(- 0.050 , |
+0.022) |
|
| |
3 (Top tertile) |
- 0.012 |
(- 0.024 , |
+0.000) |
|
+0.043 |
(+0.016 , |
+0.071) |
|
- 0.000 |
(- 0.036 , |
+0.035) |
|
| |
|
p
trend
= .049 |
|
|
p
trend
= .678 |
|
|
p
trend
= .064 |
|
|
|||
|
Poverty rate% tertiles | |||||||||||||
| |
1 (Bottom tertile) |
+0.001 |
(- 0.013 , |
+0.014) |
2, 3 |
+0.029 |
(- 0.001 , |
+0.060) |
|
- 0.015 |
(- 0.054 , |
+0.024) |
|
| |
2 (Middle tertile) |
- 0.016 |
(- 0.029 , |
- 0.003) |
1 |
+0.045 |
(+0.016 , |
+0.074) |
|
- 0.008 |
(- 0.045 , |
+0.028) |
|
| |
3 (Top tertile) |
- 0.018 |
(- 0.029 , |
- 0.008) |
1 |
+0.046 |
(+0.022 , |
+0.070) |
|
- 0.028 |
(- 0.058 , |
+0.003) |
|
| |
|
p
trend
= .002 |
|
|
p
trend
= .199 |
|
|
p
trend
= .461 |
|
|
|||
| |
|
ΔFresh/specialty food markets |
|
ΔFull-service restaurants |
|
ΔCarry-out restaurants |
|
||||||
| |
|
Expected changea |
95% CI |
|
Expected changea |
95% CI |
|
Expected changea |
95% CI |
|
|||
|
Race composition | |||||||||||||
| |
White-predominant |
+0.010 |
(+0.003 , |
+0.016) |
|
- 0.018 |
(- 0.043 , |
+0.007) |
|
+0.096 |
(+0.070 , |
+0.123) |
|
| |
Black-predominant |
- 0.011 |
(- 0.034 , |
+0.012) |
H |
- 0.050 |
(- 0.140 , |
+0.039) |
|
+0.155 |
(+0.062 , |
+0.249) |
|
| |
Hispanic-predominant |
+0.050 |
(+0.022 , |
+0.078) |
B |
- 0.044 |
(- 0.154 , |
+0.067) |
|
+0.133 |
(+0.018 , |
+0.248) |
|
| |
Mixed |
+0.013 |
(- 0.009 , |
+0.036) |
|
+0.069 |
(- 0.020 , |
+0.157) |
|
+0.177 |
(+0.085 , |
+0.270) |
|
|
Urbanization level | |||||||||||||
| |
Rural |
+0.016 |
(+0.002 , |
+0.029) |
|
+0.007 |
(- 0.044 , |
+0.059) |
|
+0.158 |
(+0.104 , |
+0.211) |
|
| |
Suburban |
+0.014 |
(- 0.004 , |
+0.032) |
|
- 0.078 |
(- 0.147 , |
- 0.009) |
U |
+0.075 |
(+0.003 , |
+0.146) |
U |
| |
Urban |
+0.017 |
(+0.002 , |
+0.031) |
|
+0.038 |
(- 0.019 , |
+0.095) |
S |
+0.190 |
(+0.130 , |
+0.249) |
S |
|
Foreign born population% tertiles | |||||||||||||
| |
1 (Bottom tertile) |
+0.016 |
(+0.001 , |
+0.031) |
|
- 0.017 |
(- 0.075 , |
+0.041) |
|
+0.151 |
(+0.091 , |
+0.212) |
|
| |
2 (Middle tertile) |
+0.014 |
(+0.000 , |
+0.028) |
|
- 0.026 |
(- 0.080 , |
+0.029) |
|
+0.123 |
(+0.067 , |
+0.180) |
|
| |
3 (Top tertile) |
+0.016 |
(+0.003 , |
+0.030) |
|
+0.010 |
(- 0.043 , |
+0.062) |
|
+0.147 |
(+0.092 , |
+0.202) |
|
| |
|
p
trend
= .988 |
|
|
p
trend
= .435 |
|
|
p
trend
= .802 |
|
|
|||
|
Poverty rate% tertiles | |||||||||||||
| |
1 (Bottom tertile) |
+0.018 |
(+0.003 , |
+0.033) |
|
+0.002 |
(- 0.057 , |
+0.060) |
|
+0.211 |
(+0.150 , |
+0.272) |
2,3 |
| |
2 (Middle tertile) |
+0.013 |
(- 0.001 , |
+0.027) |
|
- 0.016 |
(- 0.071 , |
+0.039) |
|
+0.132 |
(+0.075 , |
+0.190) |
1 |
| |
3 (Top tertile) |
+0.015 |
(+0.004 , |
+0.027) |
|
- 0.019 |
(- 0.064 , |
+0.027) |
|
+0.078 |
(+0.031 , |
+0.126) |
1 |
| p trend = .600 | p trend = .436 | p trend < .001 | |||||||||||
aExpected change per ZCTA5 area during 2000–2001.
Supermarkets are the grocery stores of > =50 employees, while small grocery stores are those of <10 employees.
Linear regression models were fitted, adjusted for total population, race/ethnicity composition categories, poverty rate tertiles,% of foreign born population tertiles, urbanization categories, total business size in 2000, the change in business size from 2000 to 2001, region.
W, B, H, M indicate significant difference from the White-, Black-, Hispanic-predominant or Mixed race/ethnicity areas; S, U indicate significant difference from suburban or urban areas; 1, 2, 3 indicate significant difference from the tertile 1, 2, or 3. (p < 0.005 to account for multiple pair-wise comparison).