Table 2.

Experimental animal models and types of epilepsy (14, 44)

Type of epilepsy	Animal models*
Partial seizures
Acute seizures	Electrical stimulation, e.g. 6-Hz
Chronic seizures	Electrical or chemical kindling Topical chemoconvulsants, which block inhibition, e.g. penicillin, bicuculline, picrotoxin, pentylentetrazol, strychnine Topical chemoconvulsants, which enhance excitation, e.g. carbachol, kainate Freeze lesion or partially isolated cortical slab Implanted metals, e.g. Al2O3, cobalt Experimental febrile seizures Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) induced by lateral fluid percussion brain injury Hippocampal sclerosis model, e.g. kainic acid, pilocarpine, post-status epilepticus models Focal dysplasia model, e.g. neonatal freeze, prenatal radiation, methylazoxymethanol
Post-status epilepticus models with spontaneous recurrent seizures	Electrical status epilepticus induction, e.g. perforanth path, basolateral amygdala Chemical status epilepticus induction, e.g. pilocarpine, kainate
Generalized seizures
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures	Electrical stimulation, e.g. maximal electroshock Chemoconvulsants, e.g. pilocarpine, kainate, penthylenetetrazol, bicuculline, picrotoxin, flurothyl Genetic models, e.g. genetically epilepsy-prone rats, Mongolian gerbil, DBA/2J mice, photosensitive baboons, knockout mice
Absence seizure	Chemoconvulsants, e.g. low dose penthylenetetrazol, gamma-hydroxybutyrate Genetic models, e.g. genetic absence rats from Strasburg, Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk, tottering mice, stargazer mice, lethargic mice, slow-wave epilepsy mice, mocha mice, ducky mice

*Common animals used are rats and mice