Exhibit 1.

Physician Assistant/Nurse Practitioner Roles Predicting Diabetes-specific Patient Outcomes and Healthcare Utilization

Physician Assistant/Nurse Practitioner Role in Primary Care			Patient Outcome Measure
PA/NP Level of Involvement, Number of patients (%)	Treat High Complexity Patients?	Deliver Chronic Care?	2 or More HbA1c Tests	Glycemic Control	Number of Emergency Department Visits	Number of Hospital Visits
No Role - Physician Care Only 1009 (39%)	No Role - Physician Care Only	No Role - Physician Care Only	(Reference)	(Reference)	(Reference)	(Reference)
Supplemental 401 (16%)	No	Yes	+	=	=	=
Supplemental 165 (6%)	No	No	=	+	+	=
Supplemental 736 (29%)	Yes	Yes	=	+	=	−
Supplemental 138 (5%)	Yes	No	=	−	=	=
Usual Provider 127 (5%)	Yes/No	Yes	=	=	−	=

Source: Physician group electronic health data linked with Medicare claims Notes:

Better outcome than physician-only care

=Equivalent outcome to physician-only care

Worse outcome than physician-only care

PA/NP = physician assistant/nurse practitioner

Findings reflect p≤0.05

Adjusted for patient sociodemographic variables (age, race, Medicaid dual-eligible, disability entitlement), clinical characteristics (risk score, 16 medical conditions, and 3 diabetes complications), healthcare utilization, and panel characteristics (specialty of usual provider, number of patients on panel, and percent of women on panel)