TABLE 1—
Responsibility Frames (n = 3725) Regarding Smoking in the New York Times and the Washington Post, Congressional Record, and Internal Tobacco Industry Documents, 1952–1965
| Causality: Do Cigarettes Cause Health Harms?, No. (%)a |
Culpability: Who Is to Blame for Harms From Cigarettes?, No. (%)a |
Accountability: What Should Be Done and Who Should Do It?, No. (%)a |
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| Frame Type | Yes | No | At Fault | Not at Fault | Has Obligation | No Obligation |
| News (n = 1929) | ||||||
| Cigarettes | 803 (68) | 377 (32) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Individual consumers | 0 | 0 | 84 (30) | 41 (15) | 44 (9) | 98 (21) |
| Tobacco industry | 0 | 0 | 127 (46) | 25 (9) | 50 (11) | 3 (1) |
| Government | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 206 (44) | 32 (7) |
| Private doctors | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 (8) | 1 (0) |
| Total news frames | 1180 (61) | 277 (14) | 472 (24) | |||
| Congressional Record (n = 800) | ||||||
| Cigarettes | 235 (57) | 180 (43) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Individual consumers | 0 | 0 | 31 (23) | 10 (7) | 12 (5) | 9 (4) |
| Tobacco industry | 0 | 0 | 80 (59) | 14 (10) | 11 (4) | 0 |
| Government | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 180 (72) | 28 (11) |
| Private doctors | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 (4) | 1 (0) |
| Total Congressional Record frames | 415 (52) | 135 (17) | 250 (31) | |||
| Industry document (n = 996) | ||||||
| Cigarettes | 113 (24) | 349 (76) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Individual consumers | 0 | 0 | 51 (25) | 12 (6) | 11 (6) | 5 (2) |
| Tobacco industry | 0 | 0 | 48 (23) | 95 (46) | 86 (46) | 0 |
| Government | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 122 (37) | 94 (29) |
| Private doctors | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 (3) | 1 (0) |
| Total industry documents frames | 462 (46) | 206 (20) | 328 (33) | |||
a
Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding.