TABLE 4—
Risk of H1N1-Related Stay in Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Stratified by Racial/Ethnic Group: Massachusetts, 2009
| Model, OR (95% CI) |
Racial/Ethnic Group, OR (95% CI) |
|||||||
| Independent Variable | A | B | C | D (Full) | Non-Hispanic White | Hispanic | Non-Hispanic Black | Other |
| Racial/ethnic group | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Hispanic | 0.66* (0.49, 0.90) | 0.68* (0.49, 0.95) | 0.52* (0.32, 0.86) | |||||
| non-Hispanic Black | 1.10 (0.84, 1.45) | 1.14 (0.85, 1.53) | 1.32 (0.90, 1.93) | |||||
| Other | 1.23 (0.92, 1.66) | 1.24* (0.91, 1.68) | 1.29 (0.85, 1.96) | |||||
| % of population below poverty level | ||||||||
| 0–5.9 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 6.0–11.9 | 0.66** (0.52, 0.85) | 0.66** (0.51, 0.85) | 0.62** (0.47, 0.80) | 0.69* (0.52, 0.93) | 0.16 (0.01, 1.85) | 0.74 (0.26, 2.12) | 0.22** (0.09, 0.55) | |
| 12.0–18.9 | 0.81 (0.63, 1.05) | 0.79 (0.62, 1.02) | 0.79 (0.61, 1.02) | 0.85 (0.62, 1.16) | 0.80 (0.17, 3.85) | 0.62 (0.25, 1.53) | 0.46* (0.22, 0.94) | |
| ≥ 19 | 0.75* (0.56, 0.99) | 0.69* (0.53, 0.89) | 0.72* (0.54, 0.96) | 0.89 (0.61, 1.29) | 0.75 (0.16, 3.43) | 0.54 (0.23, 1.29) | 0.28* (0.13, 0.63) | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Female | 0.78* (0.62, 0.98) | 0.77* (0.61, 0.97) | 1.68 (0.92, 3.07) | 0.59* (0.35, 1.00) | 0.87 (0.48, 1.56) | |||
| Age group, y | ||||||||
| < 18 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 18–44 | 1.03 (0.80, 1.33) | 1.17 (0.85, 1.62) | 0.53 (0.24, 1.15) | 0.98 (0.52, 1.83) | 1.10 (0.51, 2.39) | |||
| 45–64 | 1.17 (0.93, 1.49) | 1.30 (0.97, 1.75) | 0.67 (0.29, 1.58) | 0.93 (0.47, 1.83) | 1.53 (0.72, 3.27) | |||
| Admission through ED | 1.11 (0.92, 1.36) | 1.10 (0.86, 1.40) | 1.32 (0.70, 2.53) | 1.40 (0.80, 2.46) | 0.94 (0.49, 1.80) | |||
| Admission through OP | 0.53* (0.34, 0.83) | 0.62* (0.38, 1.00) | …a | 0.70 (0.15, 3.22) | 0.22 (0.03, 1.71) | |||
| Race × gender interaction | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White × female (Ref) | 1.00 | |||||||
| Hispanic × female | 1.88* (1.00, 3.52) | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black × female | 0.76 (0.43, 1.34) | |||||||
| Other race × female | 1.05 (0.57, 1.93) | |||||||
Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; ED = emergency department; OP = outpatient department. The dependent variable is influenza-like-illness–related stay in the intensive care unit. Model A refers to the null model investigating the association between ICU stay and racial/ethnic group. Model B adds the measure of socioeconomic status (SES) to adjust for SES gradient. Model C investigates the association between ICU stay and SES group. Model D refers to the full multivariable model investigating the association between ICU stay and race/ethnicity, adjusted for SES and patient-level effects such as age, gender, and admission type, and interactions between race and gender. To address selection bias and confounding within racial/ethnic strata, we stratified Model D by racial/ethnic group.
Omitted because of collinearity.
*P < .05; **P < .001.