Figure 2. Combining immunotherapy with conventional cancer therapies can enhance treatment efficacy compared to their respective monotherapies.

Arrows indicate potential mechanisms in which one therapy can promote (→) the efficacy of another therapy (also see recent reviews [51,52]). Importantly, while synergism between these therapies is well documented, the mechanisms of action are largely undetermined, especially in the context of different types of cancer and their unique mircoenvironments.