Table 3.
Odds of Macrosomia vs. Normal Birth Weight from Multinomial Logistic Regression Models, National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 1994–2008a
| Macrosomia |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Model 1: Crude OR (95% CI) |
Model 2: Adjusted ORb (95% CI) |
Model 3: Adjusted ORc (95% CI) |
Model 4: Adjusted ORd (95% CI) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 [Referent] |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.73 (0.35–1.53) | 0.66 (0.32–1.38) | 0.73 (0.37–1.45) | 0.68 (0.36–1.27) |
| Mexican-Origin Latina | 0.68 (0.36–1.31) | 0.62 (0.32–1.20) | 1.02 (0.47–2.22) | 0.98 (0.45–2.16) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 0.29 (0.14–0.58) | 0.30 (0.15–0.61) | 0.51 (0.24–1.05) | 0.51 (0.25–1.06) |
| Preconception Health Indicators | ||||
| Any Cigarette Smoking | ||||
| Neither time point | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 [Referent] | |
| Adolescence only | 0.73 (0.40–1.31) | 0.76 (0.42–1.41) | 0.82 (0.44–1.53) | |
| Adulthood only | 0.97 (0.55–1.71) | 1.02 (0.60–1.73) | 1.21 (0.72–2.05) | |
| Both time points | 0.83 (0.50–1.35) | 0.84 (0.52–1.34) | 1.11 (0.68–1.82) | |
| Heavy Alcohol Consumption | ||||
| Neither time point | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 [Referent] | |
| Adolescence only | 0.87 (0.53–1.44) | 0.86 (0.51–1.45) | 0.80 (0.46–1.39) | |
| Adulthood only | 0.99 (0.63–1.56) | 0.99 (0.63–1.57) | 1.02 (0.64–1.62) | |
| Both time points | 1.13 (0.53–2.41) | 1.08 (0.50–2.36) | 1.03 (0.48–2.21) | |
| Overweight/Obesity | ||||
| Neither time point | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 [Referent] | |
| Adolescence only | 0.26 (0.03–2.19) | 0.26 (0.03–2.31) | 0.29 (0.03–2.46) | |
| Adulthood only | 1.69 (1.10–2.60) | 1.72 (1.15–2.58) | 1.74 (1.16–2.61) | |
| Both time points | 1.28 (0.78–2.09) | 1.37 (0.84–2.23) | 1.41 (0.87–2.27) | |
| Inadequate Physical Activity | ||||
| Neither time point | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 [Referent] | |
| Adolescence only | 1.12 (0.64–1.96) | 1.16 (0.66–2.05) | 1.15 (0.65–2.03) | |
| Adulthood only | 0.73 (0.41–1.29) | 0.73 (0.41–1.32) | 0.74 (0.41–1.33) | |
| Both time points | 0.89 (0.53–1.51) | 0.87 (0.51–1.50) | 0.87 (0.50–1.51) | |
| Potential Confounders | ||||
| Age | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | ||
| Parity | ||||
| Nulliparous | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 [Referent] | ||
| Parous | 1.04 (0.72–1.49) | 1.09 (0.76–1.55) | ||
| Nativity | ||||
| Foreign-born to foreign-born parent | 0.58 (0.14–2.44) | 0.55 (0.13–2.36) | ||
| Native-born to foreign-born parent | 0.55 (0.24–1.26) | 0.54 (0.24–1.24) | ||
| Native-born to native-born parent | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 [Referent] | ||
| Childhood SES | ||||
| Mother’s Educational Attainment | ||||
| Less than high school | 0.50 (0.27–0.92) | 0.52 (0.28–0.98) | ||
| GED | 0.87 (0.36–2.15) | 0.92 (0.36–2.38) | ||
| High school diploma | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 [Referent] | ||
| Some college or trade school | 0.75 (0.44–1.27) | 0.78 (0.46–1.32) | ||
| Completed college or more | 0.95 (0.51–1.76) | 0.96 (0.51–1.80) | ||
| Any Household Receipt of Public | ||||
| Assistance | 0.75 (0.44–1.28) | 0.78 (0.45–1.33) | ||
| Prenatal Health Indicators | ||||
| Any Cigarette Smoking | 0.49 (0.27–0.87) | |||
| Any Alcohol Consumption | 1.15 (0.50–2.67) | |||
| Entry into Prenatal Care | ||||
| First trimester | 1.00 [Referent] | |||
| Second trimester | 0.60 (0.21–1.69) | |||
| Third trimester | 2.23 (0.82–6.05) | |||
| No care | 0.42 (0.08–2.25) | |||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; GED, general educational development certificate; OR, odds ratio; SES, socioeconomic status.
a
ORs are based on weighted data.
b
Adjusted for preconception health trajectory.
c
Adjusted for preconception health trajectory, maternal age and parity at birth, nativity, and childhood SES.
d
Adjusted for preconception health trajectory, maternal age and parity at birth, nativity, childhood SES, prenatal cigarette smoking, prenatal alcohol consumption, and timing of entry into prenatal care.