Table 2.

Material properties for ligaments [11–14, 21, 24, 25].

Knee ligament	Ligament bundles	Stiffness parameters (N or N/mm)	Reference length (mm)	Initial length (mm)
ACL	Anteromedial	5000 N	36.22	36.72
	Posterolateral	5000 N	24.31	22.10
PCL	Anterolateral	9000 N	31.99	42.09
	Posteromedial	9000 N	36.75	37.88
MCL	Anterior	2750 N	84.05	80.81
	Inferior	2750 N	68.81	66.16
	Posterior	2750 N	94.02	91.28
LCL	Anterior	2000 N	49.01	50.20
	Superior	2000 N	46.61	49.06
	Posterior	2000 N	49.48	45.81
CMCL	Anterior	1000 N	41.91	45.85
	Posterior	1000 N	39.18	38.75
CAP	Medial	52.6 N/mm	38.36	37.60
	Lateral	54.6 N/mm	38.92	38.15
	Arcuate	20.8 N/mm	61.41	60.20
	Oblique	21.4 N/mm	62.87	61.63
PLT		83.7 N/mm	35.51	34.81
PFL		28.6 N/mm	13.91	16.63