Table 1.
Studies of typically developing awake infants using fNIRS to study social and cognitive development.
| Author | Year | Participant Age1 | Channels | Brain Region | International 10–20 Location | Probe Analysis | Main Finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joint Attention | |||||||
| Grossmann, et al. | 2008 | 4 | 6 10 × 2 |
Frontal Temporal |
Along Fp1-Fp2 line Between T5/6 and F7/8 | Channel | ↑OxyHb in right fronto-polar cortex & Sup Post temporal cortex to gaze direction |
| Grossmann & Johnson | 2010 | 5 | 12 × 2 | Frontal | Between Fp1/2 and F3/4 From T3 to T4 | ROIS | ↑OxyHb in left dorsal prefrontal region to joint attention condition |
| Grossmann, et al. | 2010 | 5 | 12 × 2 | Frontal | Between Fp1/2 and F3/4 From T3 to T4 | Channel | ↑OxyHb in left dorsal prefrontal to own name and ↑OxyHb in an adjacent channel to eye contact |
| Lloyd-Fox, et al. (Exp. 1) | 2009 | 5 | 10 × 2 | Temporal | Between T3/4 and C3/4 From T5/6 to F7/8 | Channel | Exp1: ↑OxyHb in bilateral channels at T5/6 to social stimuli compared to static baseline Exp2: ↑OxyHb in same channels as Exp1 to dynamic social compared to dynamic nonsocial stimuli |
|
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| Face Perception | |||||||
| Carlsson, et al. | 2008 | 7 | 1 1 |
Occipital Frontal |
PO4 FC8 |
Channel | ↑OxyHb in right fronto-temporal region to mother’s face compared to unfamiliar face |
| Honda, et al. | 2010 | 7 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Square pad centered on T5/6. | ROIA | ↑OxyHb in bilateral parietal regions to canonical vs scrambled face stimuli |
| Kobayashi, et al. | 2012 | 5 to 8 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Square pad centered on T5/6. | ROIA | No response for face size differences |
| Kobayashi, et al. | 2012 | 7 – 8 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Square pad centered on T5/6. | ROIA | ↑OxyHb in left parietal region to upright Arcimboldo faces |
| Minagawa-Kawai, et al. | 2009 | 9 – 13 | 4 | Frontal | Square pad centered just above Fpz | Channel | ↑OxyHb in OFC to mother vs. stranger face |
| Nakato, et al. | 2009 | 5 & 8 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Square pad centered on T5/6. | ROIA | ↑OxyHb & TotHb in right parietal for frontal faces in 5- & 8-month olds, but only for profile faces in 8-mo-olds |
| Nakato, et al. | 2011 | 7 – 8 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Square pad centered on T5/6. | ROIA | ↑OxyHb & TotHb in bilateral parietal for mother and only right parietal for stranger |
| Nakato, et al. | 2011 | 6 – 7 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Square pad centered on T5/6. | ROIA | ↑OxyHb & TotHb in left parietal lobe for happy and right parietal lobe for angry faces |
| Otsuka, et al. | 2007 | 5 – 8 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Square pad centered on C5/6. | ROIA | ↑OxyHb & TotHb in right temporal lobe to upright vs. inverted faces |
| Yamashita, et al. | 2012 | 8 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Square pad centered on T5/6. | ROIA | ↑OxyHb & TotHb in bilateral temporal lobes to averted gaze compared to direct gaze |
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| Language | |||||||
| Bortfeld, et al. | 2009 | 6 – 9 | 2 × 2 | Temporal | Directly Ant & Post to T3/4 | ROIA | ↑OxyHb in left temporal cortex to speech sounds |
| Bortfeld, et al. | 2007 | 6 – 9 | 2 2 |
Temporal Occipital |
Directly Ant & Post to T3/4 | ROIA | ↑OxyHb to audiovisual stimuli in left temporal and bilateral occipital cortex, but only occipital for visual stimuli |
| Grossmann, et al. | 2010 | 4 & 7 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Square pad centered on FC5/6. | Channel | ↑OxyHb in right Sup temporal cortex to emotional prosodic voice vs non-voice sounds at 7mos, but not 4mos |
| Lloyd-Fox, et al. | 2012 | 4 – 7 | 38 | Temporal | From T5/6 to F7/8 centered on T3/4 | Channel | ↑ in voice selectivity between 4 & 7mos in bilateral temporal cortex |
| Minagawa-Kawai, et al. | 2007 | 3 – 28 | 4 × 2 | Temporal | Square pad centered on T3/4 | Channel | Emergence of phonemic differentiation at 6–7mo bilaterally and becoming left dominant after 12mos |
| Minagawa-Kawai, et al. | 2011 | 4 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Chevron pad centered on C5/6 | Channel | ↑OxyHb in left temporal cortex to language vs non-language (i.e. monkey vocalizations) |
| Naoi, et al. | 2012 | 4 – 13 | 4 × 2 22 |
Temporal Frontal |
Square pad centered on FC5/6; Between Fp1/2 and F3/4 from F7 to F8 |
Channel | ↑OxyHb in bilateral temporal cortex to infant directed speech & ↑OxyHb to mother vs stranger voice emerging at 7mos ↑OxyHb in Sup frontal cortex to infant directed speech from mother vs stranger |
| Petitto, et al. | 2012 | 2 – 16 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Square pad centered on C5/6 | ROIS | ↑OxyHb in left Sup temporal gyrus to phonetic vs tone stimuli across all ages, but ↑OxyHb in left Inf frontal gyrus in older (12mo) compared to younger (4mo) for phonetic vs tone stimuli |
| Sato, et al. | 2009 | 4 & 10 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Chevron pad centered on C5/6 | ROIS | ↑OxyHb in bilateral Sup temporal cortex to pitch changes in 4-mo-olds, but only in left in 10-mo-olds |
| Wagner, et al. | 2011 | 7 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Chevron pad centered on T5/6 | ↓DeoxyHb in bilateral anterior temporal regions to ABB vs ABC grammars in 7-mo-olds compared to ↓DeoxyHb to ABC vs ABB grammars in 9-mo-olds. | |
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| Action Observation | |||||||
| Grossmann, et al. | 2013 | 4 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Square pad centered on C5/6. | ROIS | ↑OxyHb in premotor cortex to robot actions & in Sup temporal lobe to congruent actions (i.e. human actions from a human performer) |
| Ichikawa, et al. | 2010 | 7 – 8 | 12 × 2 | Temporal | Square pad centered on T5/6. | ROIA | ↑OxyHb in right temporal lobe to upright face PLD vs inverted face PLD |
| Lloyd-Fox, et al. | 2011 | 5 | 45 | Frontal Temporal |
Centered on Fpz From F7/8 to T5/6 centered on T3/4 |
Channel | ↑OxyHb in Inf frontal cortex to eye and hand movements & ↑OxyHb in Ant Sup temporal region to mouth actions |
| Shimada, et al. | 2006 | 6 – 7 | 7 | Sensorimotor | Approximately C3 | Channel | ↑OxyHb in sensorimotor cortex to observation & execution of live actions vs TV |
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| Object Permanence | |||||||
| Baird, et al. | 2002 | 5 to 12 monthly | 4 | Frontal | Square pad centered at Fz | ROIA | ↓OxyHb & TotHb pre object permanence shifts to ↑OxyHb & TotHb post object permanence |
1
Age is presented in months.
ROIA = average of all channels within probe set; ROIS = subset of channels combined for region of interest; OxyHb = Oxygenated Hemoglobin; DeoxyHb = Deoxygenated Hemoglobin; TotHb = Total Hemoglobin; Ant = anterior; Post = posterior; Sup = superior; Inf = inferior