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. 2013 Dec 30;111(4):1245–1252. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1314848111

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Spiders are deterred by nicotine-fed larvae. (A) Nicotiana attenuata growing in the Great Basin Desert, Utah. (B) Nocturnal survival (%) of larvae feeding on nicotine-containing EV and nicotine-deficient (irPMT) plants in the field (n = 50 larvae per line). (C) Spider attacking M. sexta larva. Spider predation (%) in the choice assay (1 h) on second-instar M. sexta larvae feeding on (D) EV (n = 16) and irPMT (n = 16) plants and (E) AD (n = 23) and AD containing 0.1% of nicotine (AD+N) (n = 23). Spider predation (%) in no-choice assays (1 h) with M. sexta larvae feeding on: (F) AD containing 0 (n = 23), 0.03 (n = 20), 0.06 (n = 20), and 0.1% (n = 23) nicotine (AD+N), or (G) water (W) or 1 mM nicotine (N) stem-fed (24 h) EV and irPMT leaves (n = 26 in all of the treatments). Asterisks indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) by Fisher’s exact test on the frequencies as well as percentages. Shading of the bars reflects relative nicotine concentration of the larval diet throughout all figures. Hence, the bar shading provides the important information for the interpretation of transcripts, larval nicotine excretion, and the hemolymph-nicotine data presented in the subsequent figures.