Fig. 1.

GRK3 promoted prostate tumor growth and metastasis. (A) Representative prostates from mice injected with PC3-GFP or PC3 pool 1 cells. PC3 pool 1 cells were generated from PC3 cells infected with pooled viruses of cDNAs for 15 essential kinases identified from shRNA screens. (B) GRK3 promoted orthotopic tumor growth of three prostate cancer cell lines. The y axis is prostate weight of ICR/SCID mice 8 wk after injection with GFP- or GRK3-expressing cells. P values were calculated by using Student t test. Error bars refer to SEM. (C) GRK3 stimulates prostate tumor growth. Shown are images of representative tumors formed by PC3-GFP or PC3-GRK3 cells. (D) GRK3 stimulates lung metastasis. Representative pan-cytokeratin staining of lungs of mice bearing PC3-GFP or PC3-GRK3 cells are shown (magnification of 25×). Five of seven PC3-GRK3 mice had lung metastases by 12 wk after injection. (E) GRK3 induced lymph node metastasis of PC3 cells. Shown are two examples of enlarged lymph nodes from mice injected with PC3-GRK3 cells. Three of seven mice in the GRK3 group had obviously enlarged lymph nodes. None of 20 mice injected with PC3 cells expressing GFP or three other genes tested simultaneously had obviously enlarged lymph nodes. (Scale bar: 100 µm.)