TABLE 1.
Overview of vector-borne diseases and the arthropods that transmit them
| Disease (agent[s]) | Vector(s) |
|---|---|
| Viral diseases | |
| Yellow fever | Mosquitoes (Aedes spp.) |
| Dengue fever | Mosquitoes (Aedes spp.) |
| Western equine encephalitis | Mosquitoes (Aedes spp., Culex spp.) |
| Eastern equine encephalitis | Mosquitoes (Aedes spp., Culex spp.) |
| St. Louis encephalitis | Mosquitoes (Culex spp.) |
| Venezuelan equine encephalitis | Mosquitoes (Psorophora spp.) |
| California group encephalitis | Mosquitoes (Aedes spp.) |
| Lacrosse encephalitis | Mosquitoes (Aedes spp.) |
| Rift Valley fever | Mosquitoes (Aedes spp.) |
| West Nile virus | Mosquitoes (Culex pipiens complex) |
| Colorado tick fever | Ticks (Dermacentor andersoni) |
| Sandfly fever Sicilian virus | Sandflies (Phlebotomus spp.) |
| Tick-borne encephalitis virus | Ticks (Ixodes persulcatus, I. ricinus) |
| Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever | Ticks (Hyalomma spp.) |
| Kyasanur Forest disease | Ticks (Haemaphysalis spinigera) |
| Powassan virus | Ticks (Ixodes spp., Dermacentor spp., Haemaphysalis spp.) |
| Rickettsial and bacterial diseases | |
| Plague (Yersinia pestis) | Fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis, others) |
| Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) | Ticks (Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor spp., Ixodes spp.); deer flies (Chrysops spp.) |
| Boutonneuse fever (Rickettsia conorii) | Ticks (Rhipicephalus spp., Amblyomma spp., Haemaphysalis spp.) |
| African tick bite fever (Rickettsia africae) | Ticks (Amblyomma spp.) |
| Feline rickettsiae (Rickettsia felis) | Fleas (Ctenocephalides spp.) |
| Murine (endemic) typhus (Rickettsia typhi) | Fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis, Nosopsyllus spp.) |
| Epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) | Body lice (Pediculus humanus) |
| Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii) | Ticks (Dermacentor spp., Rhipicephalus spp., Amblyomma spp.) |
| North Asian (Siberian) tick typhus (Rickettsia sibirica) | Ticks (Dermacentor spp., Hyalomma asiaticum) |
| Tick-borne lymphadenopathy (Rickettsia slovaca) | Ticks (Dermacentor spp.) |
| Tidewater spotted fever (Rickettsia parkeri) | Ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) |
| Scrub typhus (Orienta tsutsugamushi) | Chiggers (Leptotrombidium akamushi, others) |
| Bartonellosis (Bartonella bacilliformis) | Sand flies (Phlebotomus spp.) |
| Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae) | Fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) |
| Trench fever (Bartonella quintana) | Body lice (Pediculus humanus) |
| Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) | Ticks (Ixodes spp.) |
| Louse-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis) | Body lice (Pediculus humanus) |
| Tick-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia duttonii) | Ticks (Ornithodoros spp.) |
| Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis) | Ticks (Amblyomma americanum) |
| Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia ewingii) | Ticks (Amblyomma americanum) |
| Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum) | Ticks (Ixodes spp.) |
| Protozoan diseases | |
| Leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.) | Sand flies (Lutzomyia spp., Phlebotomus spp.) |
| African trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei) | Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) |
| Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) | Kissing bugs (Triatoma spp., Rhodnius spp., Panstrongylus spp.) |
| Malaria (Plasmodium spp.) | Mosquitoes (Anopheles spp.) |
| Babesiosis (Babesia spp.) | Ticks (Ixodes spp.) |
| Helminth infections | |
| Onchocerciasis (Onchocerca volvulus) | Black flies (Simulium spp.) |
| Loiasis (Loa loa) | Deer flies (Chrysops spp.) |
| Lymphatic filariasis (Brugia, Wuchereria) | Mosquitoes (Culex spp., Anopheles spp., Aedes spp., Mansonia spp.) |
| Mansonellosis (Mansonella spp.) | Midges (Culicoides spp.), black flies (Simulium spp.) |
| Dirofilariasis (Dirofilaria spp.) | Mosquitoes (Aedes spp., Culex spp., Anopheles spp., Mansonia spp.); black flies (Simulium spp.) |
| Thelaziasis (Thelazia spp.) | Muscoid flies (Musca spp., Fannia spp.) |
| Arthropod infections | |
| Myiasis (Dermatobia hominis) | Various blood-sucking arthropods |