FIG 1.

Phenotyping of S. cerevisiae strains grown in laboratory media containing AHP inhibitors. (A) The 112 wild, domesticated, or industrial S. cerevisiae strains cultured in YPD media containing the indicated AHP inhibitors hierarchically cluster into 8 phenotypically distinct groups. The cell densities of strains grown at 30°C in 96-well plates were monitored for 24 h. From the growth data, average specific growth rates from 3 biological replicates for each strain were calculated, rank ordered from fastest (1, yellow) to slowest (112, blue) in each medium condition and then hierarchically clustered. Colored bars indicate groups of strains with relative tolerance to specific inhibitory conditions (black, relatively tolerant to all three inhibitor conditions; green, Na₂SO₄ and NaAc; orange, Na₂SO₄ and pCA plus FA; purple, pCA or FA only; blue, NaAc and pCA or FA; red, NaAc only; light green, Na₂SO₄ only; yellow, relatively sensitive to all inhibitors). Arrows indicate positions of GLBRCY0 (red), CEN.PK2 (blue), and S288c (green) strains in the heat map. Also shown are representative growth curves of S288c (B), CEN.PK2 (C), and GLBRCY0 (D) cultured in YPD alone (green) or YPD with Na₂SO₄ (purple), NaAc (blue), solvent-ethanol (orange), or pCA or FA in ethanol (red).