H. pylori growth and transformation efficiency are affected by atmospheric conditions throughout the growth curve. (A) Total CFU present under 5% O2 (solid line) or 15% O2 (dotted line) when transformation efficiency was measured for each time point shown. (B) Transformation efficiency of H. pylori SS1 under 5% O2 (filled bars) or 15% O2 (open bars), as measured 6 h after the addition of pIGSS1, which was added at the time points shown. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.001, n.s. = not significant.