M51R and M51R-F vectors increase costimulatory molecule expression. WT, NLRC4−/−, TLR5−/−, and IPS-1−/− DCs were treated with M51R and M51R-F vectors (MOI = 10). At 24 h, the cells were harvested, stained for cell surface markers, and analyzed by flow cytometry. (A) Representative histograms depicting CD86 expression levels in arbitrary fluorescence units. Solid line, M51R treated; dotted line, M51R-F treated; shaded histogram, mock treated. (B) Mean fluorescence intensities (MFIs) from multiple experiments indicated as fold induction in MFI over that of mock-infected controls. Like symbols represent independent determinations for each treatment. The line represents the mean.