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Model depicting mechanisms contributing to the development of HAND. Infiltration of peripheral macrophages generates latent reservoirs in astrocytes and microglial cells. HIV-1 neurotoxicity is derived from soluble viral (gp120 and Tat) and host (cytokines and chemokines) proteins that are released from infected astrocytes and microglia. 18BIOder may exert its effects by altering neurotoxin release.
