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Cytokine and chemokine production in human macrophages infected with the three H5N1 virus clades. At 12 h of infection at an MOI of 0.1, the supernatants of the infected cells were collected and the proteins of 6 cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and MCP-1) were determined by cytometric bead array assays. The values are expressed as means ± standard deviations (n = 3). **, P < 0.01 between clade 2.3.4 virus-infected cells and clade 2.3.2 virus-infected cells.
