Table 3. Viral prevalence of newly- or previously-tested viruses according to HIV status.
| Overall n (%)N = 1460 | HIV-infected n (%)N = 517 | HIV-uninfected n (%)N = 943 | OR (95% CI)p-value | aOR1 (95% CI)p-value | |
| hBoV | 174 (11.9) | 49 (9.5) | 125 (13.3) | 0.69 (0.48–0.97)0.034 | 0.69 (0.48–0.99)0.043 |
| WUPyV | 156 (10.7) | 44 (8.5) | 112 (11.9) | 0.69 (0.48–1.00)0.047 | 0.66 (0.45–0.97)0.035 |
| KIPyV | 91 (6.2) | 46 (8.9) | 45 (4.8) | 1.95 (1.27–2.98)0.002 | 2.14 (1.36–3.37)0.001 |
| CoV-NL63 | 33 (2.3) | 9 (1.7) | 24 (2.6) | 0.68 (0.31–1.47)0.326 | 0.65 (0.29–1.45)0.294 |
| CoV-HKU1 | 22 (1.5) | 7 (1.4) | 15 (1.6) | 0.85 (0.34–2.10)0.723 | 0.67 (0.26–1.69)0.391 |
| CoV-OC43 | 97 (6.6) | 63 (12.2) | 34 (3.6) | 3.71 (2.41–5.71)<0.001 | 3.67 (2.30–5.85)<0.001 |
| CoV-229E | 4 (0.27) | 0 | 4 (0.42) | 0.3042 | - |
| hRV | 466 (31.9) | 164 (31.7) | 302 (32.0) | 0.99 (0.78–1.24)0.905 | 0.82 (0.64–1.05)0.111 |
| RSV3 | 237 (16.3) | 32 (6.2) | 205 (21.8) | 0.24 (0.16–0.35)<0.001 | 0.227 (0.15–0.33)<0.001 |
| Influenza A3 | 61 (4.2) | 13 (2.5) | 48 (5.1) | 0.48 (0.26–0.90)0.021 | 0.507 (0.27–0.94)0.031 |
| PIV I–III3 | 58 (4.0) | 14 (2.7) | 44 (4.7) | 0.57 (0.31–1.05)0.071 | 0.557 (0.30–1.02)0.056 |
| Adenovirus3 | 29 (2.0) | 4 (0.77) | 25 (2.7) | 0.29 (0.10–0.83)0.021 | 0.277 (0.09–0.79)0.016 |
| hMPV4 | 107 (7.4) | 17 (3.3) | 90 (9.7) | 0.32 (0.19–0.54)<0.001 | 0.317 (0.18–0.53)<0.001 |
| At least 1 newly-tested virus detected | 783 (53.6) | 274 (53.0) | 509 (54.0) | 0.96 (0.78–1.20)0.720 | 0.83 (0.66–1.05)0.117 |
| At least 1 of any tested viruses detected5 | 1053 (72.1) | 315 (60.9) | 738 (78.3) | 0.43 (0.34–0.55)<0.001 | 0.437 (0.34–0.55)<0.001 |
| Viral co-infections5 , 6 | 389 (26.6) | 118 (22.8) | 271 (28.7) | 0.73 (0.57–0.94)0.015 | 0.747 (0.57–0.95)0.018 |
| Newly- tested virus single infection8 | 396 (27.1) | 156 (30.2) | 240 (25.5) | 1.27 (1.00–1.61)0.052 | 1.307 (1.02–1.65)0.033 |
| Bacteraemia if positive for at least 1 of the newly- tested viruses | 32/733 (4.4) | 20/260 (7.7) | 12/473 (2.5) | 3.20 (1.54–6.66)0.002 | 3.49 (1.63–7.48)0.001 |
: Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) adjusted for age, year of sampling, detection of viruses previously-tested and whether received 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine or placebo.
: p-value not adjusted.
: Previously-tested by immunofluorescence assay.
: Previously-tested by nested PCR.
: Including viruses previously-tested by immunofluorescence assay (RSV, Influenza A, PIV I–III and adenovirus) and nested-PCR (hMPV).
: All multiple infections included at least one newly-tested virus except in 2 HIV-uninfected children. Viral co-infections with at least one newly-tested virus in HIV-infected children 118 (22.8%) and in HIV-uninfected children 269 (28.5%).
: Not adjusted for detection of viruses previously-tested.
: Single infections with a newly-tested virus no other virus, newly- or previously-tested, was detected.
OR: odds ratio.
hBoV: human bocavirus.
WUPyV: polyomavirus-WU.
KIPyV: polyomavirus-KI.
CoV-NL63: coronavirus NL63.
CoV-HKU1: coronavirus HKU1.
CoV-OC43: coronavirus OC43.
CoV-229E: coronavirus 229E.
hRV: human rhinovirus.
RSV: respiratory syncytial virus.
PIV: parainfluenza viruses.
hMPV: human metapneumovirus.