Table 4. Distribution of clinical signs associated with visceral leishmaniasis in dogs with quiescent (negative spleen culture) or active (positive spleen culture) infection by L. infantum and type 1 (normal) or type 3 (moderately to severely disorganized) splenic white pulp (WP).

	NEGATIVE SPLEEN CULTURE						POSITIVE SPLEEN CULTURE
CLINICAL SIGNS	WP TYPE 1		WP TYPE 3				WP TYPE 1				WP TYPE 3
	N	(%)	N	(%)	OR	[95% CI]	N	(%)	OR	[95% CI]	N	(%)	OR	[95% CI]
Alopecia	10/37	(27)	8/26	(31)	1.2	[0.4–3.6]	6/20	(30)	1.2	[0.4–3.8]	18/22	(82)	12.2	[3.3–44.8]d
Anemia	9/23	(39)	10/19	(53)	1.7	[0.5–5.9]	2/12	(17)	0.3	[0.0–1.7]	14/19	(74)	4.4	[1.2–16.3]a
Conjunctivitis	5/17	(29)	7/15	(46)	2.1	[0.5–9.0]	4/12	(33)	1.2	[0.2–5.9]	11/16	(69)	5.3	[1.2–23.3]b
Dehydration	3/21	(14)	4/16	(25)	2.0	[0.4–10.6]	3/9	(33)	3.0	[0.5–19.0]	7/9	(77)	21.0	[2.9–153.8]c
Dermatitis	3/16	(19)	5/10	(50)	4.3	[0.7–25.3]	4/11	(36)	2.5	[0.4–14.4]	8/13	(62)	6.9	[1.3–37.2]a
Emaciation	8/37	(22)	8/26	(31)	1.6	[0.5–5.0]	12/20	(60)	5.4	[1.6–17.9]b	16/22	(73)	9.7	[2.8–32.8]c
Erosion	5/21	(24)	4/16	(25)	1.1	[0.2–4.8]	4/9	(44)	2.6	[0.5–13.4]	6/9	(67)	6.4	[1.2–35.4]a
Lymphadenopathy	18/35	(51)	20/26	(77)	3.2	[1.0–9.7]	7/20	(35)	0.5	[0.2–1.6]	16/22	(72)	2.5	[0.8–8.0]
Onychogryphosis	6/37	(16)	4/25	(16)	1.0	[0.2–3.9]	2/20	(10)	0.6	[0.1–3.2]	12/22	(54)	6.2	[1.8–20.8]b
Pustule	2/21	(10)	1/16	(6)	0.6	[0.0–7.7]	1/9	(11)	1.2	[0.1–15.0]	1/9	(11)	1.2	[0.1–15.0]
Splenomegaly	13/24	(54)	10/17	(59)	1.2	[0.3–4.2]	8/11	(73)	2.3	[0.5–10.6]	7/11	(64)	1.5	[0.3–6.4]
Ulceration	1/21	(5)	3/16	(19)	4.6	[0.4–49.3]	3/9	(33)	10.0	[0.9–114.8]	4/9	(44)	16.0	[1.4–176.6]a

OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval;

^aP<0.05;

^bP<0.01;

^cP<0.005;

^dP<0.001 (Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact probability test).