Table 1. Clinical trials of vaccine therapy in pancreas cancer.

Vaccine type		Investigator	Phase	Stage	Vaccine	Clinical and Immunology Outcomes
Peptide vaccines	KRAS-targeting vaccines	Gjertsen (1995)12	I/II	5 patients with histologically confirmed PDA	Mutated K-ras peptide	2 immune responders showed longer survival
		Gjertsen (2001)13	I/II	48 patients, 10 surgically resected PDA, 38 with advanced PDA	Mutated K-ras peptide with GM-CSF	148 days in responders vs. 61 days in nonresponders
		Abou-Alfa (2011)14	-	24 patients resected PDA	Mutated K-ras peptide	Median recurrence free survival 8.6 months; Median overall survival 20.3 months
	Telomerase-targeting vaccines	Bernhardt et al (2006)15	I/II	48 patients with unresectable PDA	Telomerase peptide (GV1001) with GM-CSF	Median overall survival 8.6 months in intermediate dose group
	Gastrine based vaccine	Gilliam et al (2012)18	-	154 patients with advanced PDA, unwilling or unable to take chemotherapy	Gastrin peptide vaccine (G17DT) versus placebo	151 days G17DT vs. 82 days placebo p=0.03
	HSP-peptide complex-based vaccines	Maki et al (2007)22	I	10 patients with resected PDA	HSPCC-96	Median overall survival was 2.2 years
Recombinant virus-based	MUC-1 and CEA in poxvirus	Kaufman et al (2007)23	I	10 patients with advanced stage PDA	TRICOM, MUC-1 and CEA in poxvirus with GM-CSF	15.1 months in responders vs. 3.9 months in nonresponders (p=0.002)
Listeria-based vaccines	Live attenuated Listeria vaccine	Le et al (2012)30	I	28 patients with mesothelioma, lung, pancreas, or ovarian cancer liver metastasis	Live attenuated Listeria vaccine (ANZ-100) vs Live attenuated mesothelin expressingListeria vaccine (CRS-207)	37% of patients in CRS-207 arm live after 15 months
Dentritic cell vaccines	MUC-1 pulsed autologous DC vaccine	Lepisto et al (2008)31	I/II	12 patients with resected pancreatic and biliary cancer	MUC-1 pulsed autologous DC vaccine	Median overall survival 26 months
	DC-based vaccine plus LAK	Kimura et al (2012)32	-	49 patients with inoperable PDA (Stage III,, IVA, IVB)	DC-based vaccine plus LAK with gemcitabine or S-1	Median overall survival of patients receiving DC vaccine and chemotherapy plus LAK cell therapy was longer than those receiving DC vaccine in combination with chemotherapy but no LAK cells
Whole cell vaccines	GM-CSF vaccine	Jaffee et al (2001)34	I	14 patients with resected PDA	GM-CSF vaccine with chemoradiotherapy	3 patients disease free at leas 25 months after diagnosis
		Laheru et al (2008)35	II	50 patients with advanced PDA	GM-CSF vaccine (arm A) Cy/GM-CSF vaccine(arm B)	Median overall survival in arm A : 2.3 months Median overall survival in arm B: 4.3 months
		Lutz et al (2012)36	II	60 patients with resected PDA	GM-CSF vaccine with chemotherapy (5FU) and radiotherapy	Median overall survival : 24.8 months
		Le at al (2013)37	II	60 patients with metastatic PDA	2 doses of Cy/ GM-CSF vaccine followed by 4 doses CRS-207 (arm A) 6 doses ofCy/ GM-CSF vaccine (arm B)	Median overall survival was 6 months in Arm A vs. 3.4 months in Arm B (p=0.0114).
	Algenpantucel-L	Hardacre et al (2010)38	II	62 patients with resected PDA	Algenpantucel-L with chemotherapy (gemcitabine and 5 FU)+ radiotherapy	12-month disease-free survival was 62 %, and the 12-month overall survival was 86 %.
Immune-modulating agents and vaccine combination therapys	Ipilimumab + Whole cell vaccines	Le et al (2012)48	Ib	30 patients with, local advanced, treatment refractory or metastatic PDA	Ipilimumab alone vsIpilimumab plus Cy/GM-CSF vaccine	Median overall survival in Ipilimumab alone : 3.3 months Median overall survival in Ipilimumab alone : 5.5 months