(A) An artistic rendering of the response from a resistant cancer cell to treatment from DNR versus ND-R. On the left, ABC transporter proteins are able to detect DNR within the cell and remove it via efflux pumps. On the right, ND-enabled delivery of DNR is able to bypass the efflux pumps. The reversibly-bound DNR is released in the cell and enters the nucleus, causing apoptosis. (B) Cell viability after exposure to varying concentrations of NDs, demonstrating the biocompatibility of NDs, even at higher concentrations.