Table 4.

Main Characteristics of Alternative Indices of Glycemic Control

	Fructosamine	Glycated albumin	1,5-AG	CGM
Timeframe of   reflected average   glycemia	2–3 weeks	2–3 weeks	48 h to 2 weeks	3–7 days
Mechanism	Measures non-enzymatic   reaction of glucose and   serum protein (albumin)	Measures non-enzymatic   reaction of glucose and   serum protein (albumin)	Renal reabsorption   competitively inhibited by   glucose (negative correlation   with average glycemia)	Measures interstitial   glucose levels semi-  continuously
Conditions where   may be most   useful	Assessment of recent changes   in average glycemia	End stage renal disease	Evaluation of post prandial   glucose control	Evaluation of glycemic   variability
Conditions where   results may be   unreliable	Hypoproteinemia (including   cirrhosis, nephrotic   syndrome)   Uremia   Lipemia	Hypoproteinemia (including   cirrhosis, nephrotic   syndrome)   Uremia   Lipemia	Renal failure Pregnancy Chronic liver   disease	During periods of high   glycemic variability Ingestion of:   acetaminophen,   ascorbic acid

1,5-AG 1,5-anhydroglucitrol; CGM continuous glucose monitoring