Table 1.

Making thinking visible

Principle	Action
1. Articulate	• Make explicit the thinking required
	• Reverse engineer your own thinking. Explain and describe how you think through problems and issues
2. Make concrete and visible	• Identify thinking behaviours – what expert thinkers ask and say when they engage in thinking
4. Refine, chunk & sequence	• Refine and group the thinking behaviours into useful heuristics – thinking routines
5. Enculturate	• Make the thinking a routine part of your teaching
	• Repeat and model thinking routines
	• Encourage students to frequently and regularly use these routines