Table 1.
MicroRNAs showing sex-biased expression in different pathological conditions
| Disease/development | MicroRNAs | Expression changes between males and females | Hormone regulated | Chromosome linked |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autoimmune diseases |
|
|
|
|
| Systemic lupus erythematosus |
miR-182 cluster, miR-31, and miR-148a [84] |
M < F |
Estrogens |
- |
| Neurodegenerative diseases |
|
|
|
|
| Schizophrenia |
miR-30b [85] |
M > F |
Estrogens |
|
| let-7f-2, miR-18b, miR-505, miR-502, miR-188, miR-325, miR-660 and miR-509-3 [41] |
No expression changes reported (only mutational changes between disease and control) |
|
X chromosome |
|
| Cerebral ischemia |
miR-23a [37] |
M < F |
- |
- |
| Neurodevelopment |
miR-322, miR-574, and miR-873 [65] |
M < F |
Estrogens |
- |
| Metabolic diseases |
miR-221, let-7 g [86] |
M < F |
- |
- |
| Breast cancer |
miR17, let-7a [87]; |
M < F |
- |
- |
| miR-137 [35] |
M < F promoter methylation of miR-137 |
- |
- |
|
| Liver fibrosis | miR-29a, miR-29b [88] | M < F | Estrogens | - |