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. 2014 Feb 4;5:9. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00009

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Copyright © 2014 Onal, Unudurthi and Hund.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Multi-scalar mathematical modeling of CaMKII signaling. (A–D) Mathematical modeling has been applied to understand CaMKII function across scales from the molecular to the tissue level. Each scale presents unique challenges and opportunities for modeling efforts. Abbreviations are as follows: I_Ca, L-type Ca²⁺ current; I_Na, fast Na⁺ current; PLB, phospholamban; I_Up, Ca²⁺ uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.