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. 2014 Feb 4;5:12. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00012

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Copyright © 2014 Luo, Nguyen, Villeda, Zhang, Ding, Lindsey, Bieri, Castellano, Beaupre and Wyss-Coray.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Repetitive mTBI causes significant cognitive impairments 3 months after injury. Three months after injury, the GFAP-luc mice shown in Figure 1E were tested for motor function using a Rota-Rod apparatus (A) and for learning and memory using fear conditioning (B,C). (A) In the Rota-Rod test, latency to fall onto the transducer platform was automatically recorded. The average latency over the three trials was calculated for each mouse. No difference between the mTBI and sham groups were observed (mean ± SD, P > 0.05 by t test). (B) The test paradigm for fear conditioning. (C) The freezing behavior was recorded and analyzed. Mice exposed to mTBI (three impacts) showed reduced baseline freezing behavior, and context- and cue-related freezing behavior. n = 5 mice/group. Mean ± SD; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; ANOVA and Bonferroni test.