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. 2014 Feb 4;5:12. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00012

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Copyright © 2014 Luo, Nguyen, Villeda, Zhang, Ding, Lindsey, Bieri, Castellano, Beaupre and Wyss-Coray.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Increased exploratory behavior after repetitive mTBI without significant motor defects. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice (male, 3 months of age, body weight 24.14 ± 3.18 g) received three mild impacts (mTBI) or underwent sham procedures (sham). (A) Schematic showing schedule of behavioral tests employed in this study at the following time points after injury: SmartCage (SC) and Rota-Rod (RR), 1, 2, and 6 weeks; Elevated zero maze (O maze), 6 weeks; radial arm water maze (RAWM), 7–8 weeks; and Y-maze and fear conditioning (FC) 23–24 weeks. (B) Motor function was tested by a Rota-Rod apparatus. No difference between the mTBI and sham groups was observed at any time points. (C,D) Exploratory behavior was monitored for 5 min in the SmartCage. Mice exposed to mTBI traveled significantly longer distance (C) and reared significantly more (D) than the sham group at 1 and 2 weeks after injury. n = 8 (sham) and 15 (mTBI) mice/group. Mean ± SD; *P < 0.05, repeated measures ANOVA.