Table 1.
Demographic and perinatal characteristics by maternal probiotic intake of 40,614 children enrolled in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study between March 2002 and November 2008, who had completed all questionnaires up to the 36-months questionnaire
| N with characteristic |
Percent of total (n=40,614) |
% of probiotic consumers by levels of characteristica |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Consumed probiotic milk or yogurt | |||
| No | 25,572 | 63 | |
| Yes | 15,042 | 37 | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 20,209 | 50 | 37 |
| Cohabitated | 19,213 | 47 | 37 |
| Single | 1,082 | 3 | 35 |
| Maternal education | |||
| Less than high school | 2,229 | 6 | 26 |
| High school | 11,032 | 27 | 29 |
| Up to 4 years of college | 17,692 | 44 | 38 |
| > 4 years of college | 9,512 | 23 | 46 |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index, kg/m,2 | |||
| <18.5 | 1,130 | 3 | 35 |
| 18.5-24.9 | 26,351 | 66 | 40 |
| 25-29.9 | 8,699 | 22 | 34 |
| 30+ | 3,544 | 9 | 26 |
| Daily smoking at least once during pregnancy | |||
| No | 37,091 | 92 | 38 |
| Yes | 3,155 | 8 | 24 |
| Maternal history of asthma/allergy | |||
| No | 30,135 | 74 | 37 |
| Yes | 10,479 | 26 | 39 |
| Parity | |||
| Primiparous | 19,756 | 49 | 40 |
| Multiparous | 20,831 | 51 | 34 |
| Maternal age at delivery, years | |||
| <20-24 | 3,601 | 9 | 30 |
| 25-29 | 13,529 | 33 | 37 |
| 30-34 | 16,311 | 40 | 38 |
| 35+ | 7,173 | 18 | 39 |
| Probiotic milk and yogurt in pregnancy | |||
| None | 25,572 | 63 | n.a |
| 13 – 28.3mL/day | 6,644 | 16 | n.a |
| ≥ 28.4 mL/day | 8,398 | 21 | n.a |
| Total energy intake, MJ/d | |||
| Quartile 1 (4.5-7.8) | 10,033 | 25 | 32 |
| Quartile 2 (7.9-9.2) | 10,032 | 25 | 37 |
| Quartile 3 (9.3-10.9) | 10,033 | 25 | 40 |
| Quartile 4 (11.0+) | 10,032 | 25 | 40 |
| Dietary fiber intake, g/10 MJ | |||
| Quartile 1 (13-27) | 10,033 | 25 | 31 |
| Quartile 2 (>27-31) | 10,032 | 25 | 37 |
| Quartile 3 (>31-36) | 10,033 | 25 | 40 |
| Quartile 4 (>36) | 10,032 | 25 | 41 |
| Cesarean-section | |||
| No | 35,057 | 86 | 37 |
| Yes | 5,557 | 14 | 36 |
| Birth weight,g | |||
| <2500 | 1,094 | 3 | 35 |
| 2500-2999 | 3,455 | 9 | 37 |
| 3000-3499 | 11,831 | 29 | 38 |
| 3500-4000 | 15,490 | 38 | 37 |
| >4000 | 8,744 | 21 | 36 |
| Breast-feeding for at least 6 months | |||
| No | 8,601 | 21 | 31 |
| Yes | 32,013 | 79 | 39 |
| Gender | |||
| Boys | 20,725 | 51 | 37 |
| Girls | 19,899 | 49 | 37 |
a
All P-values from chi-squared tests for differences in characteristics between non-consumers and consumers were <.05 except for marital status, gender, and birth weight. Information missing for marital status (n=110), smoking (n=368), parity (n=27), prepregnancy body mass index (n=890), and maternal education (n=149). Prenatal questionnaire 1 available from:
http://www.fhi.no/dokumenter/1f32a49514.pdf and prenatal questionnaire 3 available from