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. 2013 Dec 9;17(2):165–174. doi: 10.1111/ele.12208

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© 2013 The Authors. Ecology Letters published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and CNRS.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Resolution of conflict over menopause. We consider the cases when: (a) Gene expression exerts directional control of fertility (in particular a fertility inhibitor); (b) Gene expression exerts stabilising control of fertility (fertility maximiser). We illustrate the cases when s = 0.3 and s = 0.9 respectively. In each case, the first column presents the ESS level of expression for the MI (red) and PI (blue) genes during peri-menopause. The second column presents the schematic representation of the ESS gene expression for each copy and each type of gene.