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. 2014 Feb 4;7:2. doi: 10.3389/fneng.2014.00002

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Copyright © 2014 Prasad, Xue, Dieme, Sankar, Mayrand, Nishida, Streit and Sanchez.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Hemorrhage. Increased ferritin expression in animals with poor electrode performance. Shown are micrographs from three different rats all illustrating dramatic upregulation of ferritin (see also Table 2). (A,B) F14 is 7 dpi (days post-implantation) and shows a 20-fold increase; (C,D) F9 is 71 dpi and shows a 48-fold increase; (E,F) F10 is 21 dpi and shows a 91-fold increase in ferritin expression over the control (left) side. The animals also show strong upregulation of both Iba1 and ED1 markers (Table 2). These histopathological findings are indicative of significant tissue damage, hemorrhage, and BBB disruption.