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. 2014 Feb 4;5:20. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00020

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Copyright © 2014 Viotti.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Immunogold labeling on ultra-thin sections of high-pressure frozen, freeze-substituted, and HM20-embedded Arabidopsis pat2 root-tip cells shows a provacuole (dashed red line) carrying the V-PPase AVP1. Adjacent to the provacuole, a ring-like structure which is not labeled by the antibody (αAVP1) could be an autophagosome. This picture shows that at least two distinct populations of circular/semicircular double-bilayered structures existin Arabidopsis root-tip cells. Scale bar, 200 nm. (B) The development of mature vacuoles is probably the result of fusion events between provacuoles, autophagosomes and vacuolar transport carriers.