Table 3.
Available Studies Related to Use of Hematopoietic Stem Cell in MS
| Authors | Country | Mesenchymal Stem cell | Model | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shevchenko et al., 2012 | Russia | autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) | Human | support the feasibility of AHSCT with reduced-intensity conditioning in MS patient(131) |
| Saccardi et al., 2012 | Italy | Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | HSCT indeed leads to extensive renewal of the T-cell repertoire provided crucial evidence to document that autologous HSCT goes beyond a profound and long-lasting immunosuppression, which can be achieved by conventional treatment in MS(132) |
| Lutterotti et al., 2012 | Germany | Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) | Human | Support the use of aHSCT for treatment of MS(133) |
| Atkins et al., 2012 | Canada | Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) | Human | The promising data that is emerging may establish these diseases as standard indications for HCT(134) |
| Chen et al., 2012 | China | Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) | Human | AHSCT is a feasible treatment for severe MS and its long-term efficacy is favorable(135) |
| Mancardi et al., 2012 | Italy | Autologous haematopoieticstem cell transplantation (AHSCT) | Human | This study shows that AHSCT with a BEAM/ATG conditioning regimen has a sustained effect in suppressing disease progression in aggressive MS cases unresponsive to conventional therapies(136) |
| Capobianco et al., 2012 | Italy | autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HDC-AHSCT) | Human | Use of HDC-AHSCT could be effective and safe, but the very long-term risk of adverse events due to sequential aggressive immunosuppression has to be established(137) |
| Fassas et al., 2011 | Greece | hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | HSCT also resulted in a significant reduction in the number and volume of gadolinium-enhancing lesions on MRI of MS patient(138) |
| Reston et al., 2011 | USA | autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation | Human | Patients with secondary progressive MS refractory to conventional medical treatment have longer progression-free survival following autologous stem cell transplantation with intermediate-intensity conditioning regimens than with high-intensity conditioning regimens(139) |
| Xu et al., 2011 | China | autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (APBCST) | Human | Progressive OSMS has a higher relapse rate than CMS following APBSCT(140) |
| Guimarães et al., 2010 | Brazil | autologous hematopoetic stem cell transplantation (autoHSCT) | Human | In spite of the high risk of complications of the procedure, the HSCT had positive impact in the health related quality of life(141) |
| Lu et al., 2010 | Canada | allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) | Human | Allo-HSCT fails to halt the demyelination and inflammation of MS(142) |
| Krasulová et al., 2010 | Czech Republic | autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) | Human | ASCT represents a viable and effective treatment option for aggressive multiple sclerosis(143) |
| Tappenden et al., 2010 | UK | autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | HSCT could potentially achieve an acceptable level of cost-effectiveness(144) |
| Rogojan et al., 2009 | Denmark | haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | Relatively young patients with active inflammatory lesions of relatively short duration and rapidly progressive disease, but still low disability scores, unresponsive to conventional therapy seem the best candidates for transplantation(145) |
| Burt et al., 2009 | USA | Autologous non-myeloablativehaemopoietic stem cell transplantation | Human | Non-myeloablative autologous haemopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with relapsing-remitting MS reverses neurological deficits(146) |
| Lu et al., 2009 | Canada | allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) | Human | Despite high-dose, cytotoxic, immunosuppressive therapy and exchange of a presumed autoreactive immune system with a healthy immune system, MS in this patient continued to be active(80) |
| Fassas et al., 2008 | Greece | autologous transplantation of hemopoietic stem cells (ASCT) | Human | ASCT does not only cause debulking of autoreactive clones but it also brings about qualitative immunological changes that might eventually establish immunologic self-tolerance; the progression of brain atrophy appears to slow down with time; with the implementation of proper patient-selection criteria, the risks of morbidity and mortality can be minimized(147) |
| Fagius et al., 2009 | Sweden | autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | HSCT to be an effective treatment option for this relatively rare disease course in MS(148) |
| Saiz et al., 2008 | Spain | Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) | Human | AHSCT cannot be deemed a curative treatment but may cause prolonged stabilisation or change the aggressive course of the disease(149) |
| Shevchenko et al., 2008 | Russia | autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) | Human | Auto-HSCT treatment strategies based on the level of disability, namely “early,” “conventional,” and “salvage/late” transplantation, appears to be feasible to improve treatment outcomes(150) |
| Rocca et al., 2007 | Italy | autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) | Human | After AHSCT, the rate of brain tissue loss in patients with MS declines dramatically after the first 2 years(151) |
| Portaccio et al., 2007 | Italy | autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) | Human | Cases with very active, relapsing-remitting (RR) MS, who underwent AHSCT, and obtained a dramatic resolution to disease activity(152) |
| Roccatagliata et al., 2007 | Genoa | autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) | Human | AHSCT is associated to a longlasting suppression of inflammation and to a marked decrease of the rate of brain atrophy after the second year following treatment(153) |
| Metz et al., 2007 | Germany | autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) | Human | Continued clinical disease progression in multiple sclerosis patients with high expanded disability system scores despite autologous stem cell transplantation(154) |
| Xu et al., 2006 | China | autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) | Human | ASCT as a therapy is safe and available. It can improve or stabilize neurological manifestations in most patients with progressive MS following failure of conventional therapy(74) |
| Loh et al., 2007 | USA | autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) | Human | Peripheral blood stem cells were not found to be significantly associated with development of a secondary autoimmune disorder(155) |
| Su et al., 2006 | China | autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) | Human | Auto-HSCT proved to be safe and beneficial for some MS patients. Further studies are needed to establish the merit of this procedure for MS patients(156) |
| Ni et al., 2006 | China | autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) | Human | Autologous HSCT seems beneficial to PMS. However, more patients and longer follow up would be required to assess the risk/benefit ratio(157) |
| Daumer et al., 2006 | Germany | autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) | Human | The estimated probability of MS progression, defined as an increase in EDSS score by > or = 1.0 sustained for at least 180 days, was 5% after one year, 14% after two years, 22% after three years, 38% after five years, 57% after 10 years, and >80% after 20 years of observation(158) |
| Papadaki et al., 2005 | Greece | Bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic progenitorsstem cell | Human | provide support for the use of autologous stem cell transplantation in MS patients(159) |
| Blanco et al., 2005 | Spain | peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) | Human | Our study suggests that AHSCT can reduce BDNF levels to values associated with lower activity. This decrease does not seem to correlate with the brain atrophy measures observed in the MRI in MS(160) |
| Blanco et al., 2005 | Spain | autologous haematopoietic-stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | The course of MS seems to be stabilized after autologous HSCT, especially in ambulatory patients with evidence of active disease like MS(161) |
| Saccardi et al., 2004 | Italy | autologous haematopoietic-stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | Significant transplant-related morbidity and mortality have been observed. This is primarily due to complications related to either the stage of the disease at transplant or due to infections. The number of deaths related to cardiac toxicity is low(162) |
| Blanco et al., 2004 | Spain | autologous haematopoietic-stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | ASCT as a therapy is safe and available. It can improve or stabilize neurological manifestations in most patients with progressive MS following failure of conventional therapy(163) |
| Healey et al., 2004 | USA | autologous haematopoietic-stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | Inflammation parameters and functional disability findings raising questions about optimal future stem cell transplantation strategies for MS(164) |
| Inglese et al., 2004 | Italy | autologous haematopoietic-stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | In MS, progressive loss of tissue can occur independently of concomitant MRI-visible inflammation(165) |
| Sun et al., 2004 | USA | autologous haematopoietic-stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | Findings have important implications in the understanding of the role of HSCT as a potential treatment for multiple sclerosis(166) |
| Saiz et al., 2004 | Spain | autologous haematopoietic-stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | Findings have important implications in the understanding of the role of HSCT as a potential treatment for multiple sclerosis(167) |
| Saccardiet al., 2004 | Italy | autologous haematopoietic-stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | Allogeneic HSCT improved the clinical course of MS(168) |
| Burt et al., 2003 | USA | autologous haematopoietic-stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | a total body irradiation (TBI)-based regimen and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are not effective for MS patients with progressive disease and high pretransplantation disability scores(169) |
| Nash et al., 2003 | USA | autologous haematopoietic-stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) | Human | The clinical role of autologous HSCT will require a comparison with conventional treatment of MS(170) |
| Carreras et al., 2003 | Spain | autologous peripheral blood stem cell | Human | conditioning regimen has an acceptable toxicity and clearly reduces the progression of MS(171) |
| Fassas et al., 2002 | Greece | autologous peripheral blood stem cell | Human | Autologous HSCT suggest positive early results in the management of progressive MS and is feasible(77) |
| Rossiev et al., 2002 | Russia | autologous peripheral blood stem cell | Human | Autologous HSCT suggest positive early results in the management of progressive MS and is feasible(172) |
| Ouyang et al., 2001 | China | autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (Auto-PBSCT) | Human | Auto-PBSCT is effective and safety for PMS, hence the duration of remission remains to be decided in long-term follow up(173) |
| Burt et al., 1998 | USA | hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) | Human | Stem cell transplantation has resulted in modest neurologic improvements for the first time since onset of progressive MS(57) |
| Fassas et al., 1997 | Greece | hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) | Human | Autologous HSCT appears feasible in MS; it does not aggravate disability and seems to offer a clinical benefit. However, these observations need confirmation and long-term outcomes will show if benefits counterbalance toxicity and cost(56) |