Fig. 1.

Effects of abiotic stresses and high CO₂ on (A) leaf FW, (B) residual above-ground FW, (C) leaf number, (D) leaf area, (E) rosette diameter, (F) root FW and (G) R/S ratio of 14 d Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 (Col) plants (i.e. 19-day-old plants) (n = 6–8) and (H) primary root length, (I) total LR length, (J) total LR number and (K) mean LR length of 10 d Col-0 plants (i.e. 15-day-old plants) (n = 10–25). White and black bars denote ambient (390 ppmv) and high (780 ppmv) CO₂ conditions, respectively. Con, LpH and LN correspond to control, low-pH and low-N media, respectively. Student’s t-test was conducted (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001). Vertical bars represent the SEM.