Table 1.

Factors modulating drug cue-elicited activation in brain regions most commonly observed in cue-reactivity studies.

Brain region	Length/intensity of usea and addiction severityb			Current treatment statusc and/or drug availability/expectancyd			Abstinencee and/or withdrawal symptomsf			Sensory Modality of cuesg			Length of presentationh			Explicit regulationi			Stressor exposurej
	coc	tob	alc	coc	tob	alc	coc	tob	alc	coc	tob	alc	coc	tob	alc	coc	tob	alc	coc	tob	alc
ACC		+	+			−		+	+								+/−
AMY		−	+														−
CER		+/−
DLPFC			+	+	+	−		+									+
DS	+	+	+					+			+									+
FG/VC		+/−	+	+				+						−			−
HIPP/PH		+/−	+					−												+
IFG			+/−														+
INS		+/−	+							+	+	+
IPC/SPC		+/−						+	+
MC		+/−	+					+		+	+	+
MPFC			+														+			+
OFC		+	+	+	+/−											−	+
PCC			+	+				+		+	+	+					+			+
PMC		+/−						+
SC								+									−
SMA			+			−
SN		+
THAL			+																	+
VLPFC																	+
VS/NAc	+	+/−	+			−		+								−	−
VTA		+	+														−

The signs “+” and “-” indicate greater or weaker cue-induced responses, respectively for:

^aheavier use vs. lighter use

^bhigher addiction severity vs. lower addiction severity

^ccurrent users not seeking treatment vs. treatment seekers, and/or ^dcurrent non-treatment seekers expecting drug availability vs. not expecting drug availability

^elonger abstinence vs. shorter/no abstinence and/or

^fmore severe withdrawal vs. less severe withdrawal

^gmultisensory or haptic cues vs. visual-only cues

^hlonger cue presentation vs. shorter cue presentation

ⁱsubjects explicitly regulating their drug urges vs. no explicit regulation

^jstressor exposure vs. absence of stressors. For more information on the factors “craving” and “treatment outcome” (more difficult to manipulate and control for) and “implicit regulation” (no evidence for directly comparing implicit regulation vs. no regulation), please refer to the text.