Table 1. Patient and practice baseline characteristics, by study group.
| Baseline Characteristic | Administrative Data Study | Clinical Data Study | ||
| Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | |
| Patients | ||||
| n | 467,713 | 466,076 | 795 | 797 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 64.3 (12.4) | 64.2 (12.4) | 65.9 (10.3) | 65.5 (10.6) |
| Male | 246,741 (52.8) | 245,204 (52.6) | 412 (51.8) | 429 (53.8) |
| Diabetes typea | ||||
| Type 1 | 14 (1.8) | 11 (1.4) | ||
| Type 2 | 781 (98.2) | 786 (98.6) | ||
| Diabetes duration, y | ||||
| <2 | 76,547 (16.4) | 77,011 (16.5) | 145 (18.2) | 120 (15.1) |
| 2–<5 | 112,509 (24.1) | 112,543 (24.1) | 196 (24.7) | 183 (23.0) |
| 5–<10 | 127,375 (27.2) | 126,831 (27.2) | 195 (24.5) | 214 (26.9) |
| 10+ | 151,282 (32.3) | 149,691 (32.1) | 252 (31.7) | 275 (34.5) |
| Previous cardiovascular disease | 30,108 (6.4) | 29,801 (6.4) | 317 (39.9) | 331 (41.5) |
| Hypertension | 318,015 (68.0) | 317,941 (68.2) | 754 (94.8) | 767 (96.2) |
| Baseline CAD assessmentb | ||||
| Electrocardiogram | 184,804 (39.5) | 190,041 (40.8) | — | — |
| Cardiac stress test or nuclear imaging | 38,540 (8.2) | 40,269 (8.6) | — | — |
| Coronary angiography | 8,222 (1.8) | 8,060 (1.7) | — | — |
| Cardiology or internal medicine visit | 96,733 (20.7) | 97,982 (21.0) | — | — |
| Baseline medication utilizationb , c | ||||
| ACEI/ARB | 152,659 (72.3) | 151,629 (72.8) | — | — |
| ≥1 antihypertensive class | 179,312 (84.9) | 177,153 (85.1) | — | — |
| ≥2 antihypertensive classes | 132,008 (62.5) | 131,134 (63.0) | — | — |
| ≥3 antihypertensive classes | 67,574 (32.0) | 68,015 (32.7) | — | — |
| Statin | 145,746 (69.0) | 144,395 (69.3) | — | — |
| Glucose-lowering drug | 129,572 (61.4) | 127,239 (61.1) | — | — |
| Insulin | 25,826 (12.2) | 24,664 (11.8) | — | — |
| Nitrate | 23,187 (11.0) | 22,976 (11.0) | — | — |
| Practices | ||||
| n | 2,008 | 1,999 | 40 | 40 |
| Practice type | ||||
| Solo | 1,125 (56.0) | 1,155 (57.8) | 16 (40.0) | 22 (55.0) |
| Group | 883 (44.0) | 844 (42.2) | 24 (60.0) | 18 (45.0) |
| Rural practice | 190 (9.5) | 160 (8.0) | 2 (5.0) | 1 (2.5) |
| Diabetes patient volume | ||||
| <100 | 760 (37.8) | 708 (35.4) | 7 (17.5) | 4 (10.0) |
| 100–<200 | 742 (37.0) | 788 (39.4) | 23 (57.5) | 15 (37.5) |
| 200+ | 506 (25.2) | 503 (25.2) | 10 (25.0) | 21 (52.5) |
Number (%) except where indicated.
a
Only available in the clinical data study.
b
Only available in the administrative data study. Measured in the 10 months prior to the start of follow-up.
c
Among patients aged ≥65 years: 211,137 in the intervention group, 208,286 in the control group.
ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CAD, coronary artery disease; SD, standard deviation.