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. 2014 Jan 31;14:e7.

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Copyright © 2014 The Author(s)

This is an open-access article whereby the authors retain copyright of the work. The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Representative histology and immunohistochemical staining using serial sections of tissue overlying the implanted tissue expander (TE) interface (indicated by *) for the TE-only (A-D), AlloMax (AM; E-H), and AlloDerm (AD; I-L) groups. Tissues are stained/labeled for hematoxylin and eosin (A, E, I); CD68 epitope for macrophages (B, F, J); α-smooth muscle cell actin (SMA) for myofibroblasts (C, G, K); and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) for matrix collagenase (D, H, I). In the TE-only group, a rim of macrophages can be detected ([, panel B) and presence of myofibroblasts ([, panel C). Tissue around the AM-covered TE had more modest macrophage presence ([, panel F); however, clusters were observed (indicated by arrowhead in F) and myofibroblast staining was strong ([, panel G). The lowest signal for macrophages and myofibroblast was noted in tissues from AD-covered TE. Excessive MMP-1 staining (D, H, L) is suggestive of accelerated ECM degradation in TE-only and clustered activity in AM (not observed in tissue from AD-covered TE).