Table 4.
The levels of different classes of surfactants in solid and liquid environmental samples (prepared on data published in [1, 3, 117–119] and laboratory testes).
| Type of analytes | Type/source of sample | Range of concentration | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Soils (μg/kg) | |||
| Anionic | LAS, SPC, PFOA, PFOS | Forest area | 3.28–50000 |
| Total | Soil surface | 330 ± 170a | |
| Nonionic | AEO | Urban area | 69–329 |
| NPEO, OPEO, NP, OP | Forest area | 87–500 | |
| OPEO, NP, OP | Agricultural area | 200–229000 | |
|
| |||
| Dusts (μg/kg) | |||
| Anionic | LAS | Indoor dust (public buildings) | 0.5–1500000 |
| Street dust | 5.0–7.7 | ||
|
| |||
| Sediments (mg/kg) | |||
| Cationic | Total | River, marine sediment | 5–50 |
| DDAC, BAC, ATAC, DTDMAC | n.d–42300 | ||
| Anionic | LAS, AES, AS TPS, PFOA, PFOS | Lake, river, and marine sediment | 0.0002–3.4 |
| PFOA, PFOS | Wetland | n.d.–0.0307 | |
| Nonionic | NPE, NP, OP, NPEO, OPEO, AEO, NPEC | River, lake, and marine sediment | <MDL–1170 |
|
| |||
| Sewage sludge (mg/kg) | |||
| Cationic | DTDMAC, DHTDMAC | Germany, Switzerland | 150–5870 |
| Anionic | LAS, CDEA, SAS, AES, AS, PFOA, PFOS | Germany, Spain, and Switzerland | n.d.–7510 |
| Nonionic | NPEO, AE, NPEC, NP, OP, PEG | USA, Canada, Germany, and Spain | n.d.–601 |
|
| |||
| Sludge (mg/kg) | |||
| Cationic | DDAC, BAC, ATAC | Austria | n.d.–3.6 |
| Anionic | PFOA, PFOS | China, USA | n.d.–7.3 |
| Nonionic | NPEO, OPEO, AE, NPEC, NP | France, Spain, and USA | n.d.–654 |
|
| |||
| Atmospheric waters (μg/L) | |||
| Cationic | Total | Atmospheric water | 1.0–11.7b |
| Aerosols | 26.1–129.6b | ||
| Anionic | Total | Aerosols | 14.9–229.1b |
| Atmospheric water, and cloud water | n.d.–932.2b | ||
| PFOA, PFOS | Rain, snow, and street runoff | 0.0001–0.182 | |
| Nonionic | NP | Rain, snow | n.d.–0.95 |
| Cationic | Total | Dew (urban/rural area) | 270/230c |
| Hoarfrost (urban/rural area) | 280/240c | ||
| Anionic | Total | Dew (urban/rural area) | 320/300c |
| Hoarfrost (urban/rural area) | 440/280c | ||
| Nonionic | Total | Dew (urban/rural area) | 770/740c |
| Hoarfrost (urban/rural area) | 990/830c | ||
|
| |||
| Ground/well/mineral water (μg/L) (for PFOA and PFOS—(ng/L)) | |||
| Cationic | Total | Ground water | 500–1300 |
| Anionic | DATS, PFOA, PFOS | Ground, raw, and tap water | n.d.–133 |
| Total | Tap, mineral, and well water | 20–193 | |
| Nonionic | NPEO, OPEO, NPEC, OPEC, NP, OP | Ground, tap, raw water | n.d.–100 |
|
| |||
| Surface water (μg/L) (for PFOA and PFOS—(ng/L)) | |||
| Cationic | Total | Sea water | 11–210d |
| DTDMAC, DEEDMAC, DEQ, BAC, DTMABr, DDABr, DBDMAC, ATAC, DDAC | Surface, river, and sea water | n.d.–75 | |
| Anionic | Total | River water, and sea water | 5–150 (5–360e) |
| LAS, AES, AS, SPC, DATS, PFOA, PFOS | River, lake, and sea water | n.d.–2210000 | |
| Nonionic | Total | River water | 27–222 |
| NPEO, OPEO, C12–16EO, NPEC, OPEC, NP, OP | River water, lake water | n.d.–14 | |
|
| |||
| Wastewaters (μg/L) | |||
| Cationic | Total | China | 374–2116 |
| DDAC, BAC, ATAC, CTAB | Austria, Algeria, Spain, and USA | n.d.–49 | |
| Anionic | Total | Canada | 120–9340 |
| LAS, PFOA, PFOS | Germany, Austria, Spain, Japan, and China | 0.0087–1630 | |
| Nonionic | Sum | China | 374–2116 |
| NPEO, OPEO, C12–16EO, NP, OP, PEG, NPEC, OPEC | USA, Spain, France, Austria, Italy, Canada, Russia, and Japan | n.d.–2340 | |
|
| |||
| Sewage (μg/L) | |||
| Cationic | DTDMAC, DEEDMAC DEQ |
Germany | n.d.–140 |
| Anionic | LAS, DATS | Italy | 0.52–2360 |
| Nonionic | NPEO, NP | 0.3–208 | |
a(μM/kg); b(pmol/m3); cmean value; d(μmol/L); e(pmol/L).