Table 1.
Demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle characteristics of sedative drug users and nonusers.
| Characteristics | Sedative use, n (%) | Total | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female* | 61 (17.0) | 297 (82.9) | 358 | 1 | ||
| Male | 63 (17.0) | 308 (83.0) | 371 | 0.996 | 0.677–1.466 | 0.983 |
| Academic year | ||||||
| 3rd* | 45 (21.6) | 163 (78.4) | 208 | 1 | ||
| 1st, 2nd | 37 (12.0) | 271 (88.0) | 308 | 0.495 | 0.307–0.796 | 0.003 |
| 4th, 5th | 42 (19.6) | 172 (80.4) | 214 | 0.884 | 0.552–1.418 | 0.610 |
| GPA | ||||||
| 4.5–5.0* | 28 (10.7) | 234 (89.3) | 262 | 1 | ||
| 4.0–4.49 | 39 (19.5) | 161 (80.5) | 200 | 2.024 | 1.197–3.423 | 0.008 |
| 3.5–3.99 | 37 (23.4) | 121 (76.6) | 158 | 2.555 | 1.493–4.375 | <0.0001 |
| <3.5 | 15 (21.1) | 56 (78.8) | 71 | 2.239 | 1.121–4.47 | 0.02 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Others* | 2 (8.0) | 23 (92.0) | 25 | 1 | ||
| Single | 122 (17.3) | 582 (82.7) | 704 | 2.411 | 0.56–10.36 | 0.172a |
| Father's education | ||||||
| High* | 54 (20.3) | 212 (79.7) | 266 | 1 | ||
| Low | 70 (15.1) | 393 (84.9) | 463 | 0.699 | 0.472–1.035 | 0.073 |
| Mother's education | ||||||
| High* | 18 (19.6) | 74 (80.4) | 92 | 1 | ||
| Low | 106 (16.8) | 524 (83.2) | 630 | 0.832 | 0.477–1.450 | 0.515 |
| Family income, SR | ||||||
| >10,000* | 104 (17.2) | 499 (82.8) | 603 | 1 | ||
| <10,000 | 14 (16.3) | 72 (83.7) | 86 | 0.933 | 0.507–1.717 | 0.824 |
| Residence | ||||||
| Others* | 11 (14.3) | 66 (85.7) | 77 | 1 | ||
| Family | 113 (17.5) | 513 (79.7) | 644 | 1.277 | 0.653–2.495 | 0.474 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| No* | 105 (16.2) | 542 (83.8) | 647 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 19 (22.4) | 66 (77.6) | 85 | 1.486 | 0.856–2.579 | 0.157 |
| Exercise | ||||||
| No* | 74 (14.6) | 432 (85.4) | 506 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 59 (26.6) | 163 (73.4) | 222 | 1.687 | 1.131–2.517 | 0.01 |
| Stimulants, no exam | ||||||
| Yes* | 120 (17.7) | 559 (82.3) | 679 | 1 | ||
| No | 4 (7.4) | 50 (92.6) | 54 | 0.373 | 0.132–1.052 | 0.053 |
| Stimulants, exam | ||||||
| Yes* | 122 (17.6) | 572 (82.4) | 694 | 1 | ||
| No | 2 (5.3) | 36 (94.7) | 38 | 0.260 | 0.062–1.096 | 0.049 |
| Sleep hours | ||||||
| 6–8* | 58 (15.5) | 317 (84.5) | 375 | 1 | ||
| 4–6 | 44 (24.2) | 138 (75.8) | 182 | 1.743 | 1.122–2.705 | 0.0013 |
| 8–10 | 17 (12.9) | 115 (87.1) | 132 | 0.808 | 0.452–1.445 | 0.471 |
| >10 | 5 (12.5) | 35 (87.5) | 40 | 0.781 | 0.294–2.076 | 0.619 |
| Sleep pattern | ||||||
| Night/day* | 78 (16.6) | 392 (83.4) | 470 | 1 | ||
| Night | 46 (17.8) | 212 (82.2) | 258 | 1.09 | 0.730–1.628 | 0.672 |
| Sleep quality | ||||||
| Others* | 90 (14.6) | 525 (85.4) | 615 | 1 | ||
| Poor | 34 (28.8) | 84 (71.2) | 118 | 2.361 | 1.495–3.728 | <0.001 |
| Sleep disorder | ||||||
| Yes* | 76 (28.8) | 188 (71.2) | 264 | 1 | ||
| No | 46 (10.4) | 395 (89.6) | 441 | 0.288 | 0.192–0.432 | <0.001 |
a P value was calculated using Fisher's exact test. All other P values are calculated using the chi-square test.
*Reference group.
OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, GPA: grade point average, SR: Saudi Riyal.
OR and CI were calculated using contingency tables or cross-tabulations and logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between the variables.