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Like many other bacteria, S. pneumoniae possesses reducing enzymes such as thioredoxin (TrxA) to rescue oxidized proteins TrxA is maintained reduced by thioredoxin reductase (TrxB) at the expense of NADPH. In S. pneumoniae, TrxA donates electrons to the membrane proteins CcdA1 and CcdA2. The electrons are then transferred to Etrx1/Etrx2 and finally to MsrAB2, a surface-exposed methionine sulfoxide reductase. See the main text for more details.
