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. 2014 Jan 23;6(1):161–169. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evu005

Table 1.

Comparison of Mitochondrial Genomes from 16 Domesticated Mammals and Birds and Their Wild Relatives

Domesticate (Common Name) Domesticate (Scientific Name) Wild Relative (Scientific Name) Mean Domestication Age dN/dS
 dS
 dN
 Branch Length
D W Sign D W Sign D W Sign D W Sign
Dog Canis lupus familiarisa Canis lupusa 13,500 0.1673 0.1006 + 0.0083 0.0082 + 0.0014 0.0008 + 0.0045 0.0047 −
Dog Canis lupus familiarisa Canis lupusa 13,500 0 0 − 0.0038 0.0019 + 0 0 − 0.0016 0.0010 +
Cat Felis catus Lynx rufus 9,750 0.0330 0.0278 + 0.2811 0.3106 − 0.0093 0.0086 + 0.0814 0.0905 −
Horse Equus caballus Equus przewalskii 6,000 0.0441 0.3065 − 0.0057 0.0030 + 0.0002 0.0009 − 0.0021 0.0013 +
Donkey Equus asinus Equus asinus somalicus 5,000 0.0465 0.0648 − 0.0325 0.0234 + 0.0015 0.0015 − 0.0098 0.0065 +
Pig Sus scrofa domesticusa Sus scrofaa 9,000 0.1728 0.1932 − 0.0136 0.0096 + 0.0024 0.0019 + 0.0056 0.0037 +
Pig Sus scrofa domesticusa Sus scrofaa 9,000 0.0575 0.0497 + 0.0129 0.0074 + 0.0007 0.0004 + 0.0033 0.0018 +
Goat Capra hircus Capra falconeri 11,000 0.0662 0.0601 + 0.0474 0.0476 − 0.0031 0.0029 + 0.0141 0.0176 −
Sheep Ovis aries Ovis ammon 8,500 0.0562 0.0391 + 0.0369 0.0596 − 0.0021 0.0023 − 0.0135 0.0155 −
Cow Bos taurus Bos gaurus 9,000 0.0360 0.0400 − 0.1566 0.1486 + 0.0056 0.0059 − 0.0405 0.0426 −
Yak Bos grunniens Bos grunniens 4,750 0.0870 0.0634 + 0.0090 0.0123 − 0.0008 0.0008 + 0.0034 0.0038 −
Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis Bubalus depressicornis 5,000 0.0476 0.1009 − 0.0447 0.0429 + 0.0021 0.0043 − 0.0099 0.0162 −
Llama Lama glama Lama guanicoe 6,000 0.0431 0.0171 + 0.0378 0.0313 + 0.0016 0.0005 + 0.0113 0.0080 +
Bactrian camel Camelus bactrianus Camelus ferus 5,000 0.0591 0.0730 − 0.0305 0.0329 − 0.0018 0.0024 − 0.0089 0.0102 −
Chicken Gallus gallus Gallus gallus gallus 8,250 0.1083 0.1098 − 0.0033b 0.0033b + 0.0004b 0.0004b − 0.0011 0.0010 +
Goose Anser anser Anser albifrons 3,500 0.0511 0.0302 + 0.0310 0.0443 − 0.0016 0.0013 + 0.0071 0.0122 −
No. positive comparisons 8 10 8 7
Total no. comparisons 16 16 16 16
Sign test P 1 0.45 1 0.80
Wilcoxon signed-rank test P 0.75 0.78 1 0.32

Note.—The age of domestication was calculated from the mean of published estimated ranges of timing of domestication events in years before present (see supplemental material, Supplemental Material online, for sources and details on the domesticate–wild comparisons chosen). Estimates of synonymous (dS) and nonsynonymous (dN) substitutions rates, dN/dS, and total substitution rate (substitutions per site) were estimated in PAML v 4.4b (Yang 2007). Comparisons with significantly different branch lengths between domesticated and wild lineages (see Materials and Methods) are presented in bold. Columns marked with D represent estimates for domesticates, and columns labeled W represent estimates for wild relatives. The sign columns represent the sign of the difference between domesticate and wild relative values. Positive symbols represent values that are larger in domesticates compared with their wild relatives, and negative symbols represent smaller values in domesticates.

aDomesticate–wild relative comparisons represented by two independent lineages (the dog and the pig).

bWhile these values are nearly equal, there is a small difference reflected in the direction of the sign of the dS (chicken 0.003297, red junglefowl 0.003293) and dN (chicken 0.000357, red junglefowl 0.000362). When the chicken comparison is removed from the data set, the sign and Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests are still not significant.